Description
Go through the given case scenario
Choose an organization operating in any part of the globe (preferably a super market, hyper market chain (or) a fast-food industry or an electronics equipment manufacturer/distributor, automobile manufacturer or automotive parts or retail products / services.
The organization that you choose should either manufacture or market or distribute some products / services. The competition in these businesses majorly depends upon price, quality, timely delivery and service (which are core aspects of Supply Chain Management). Hence there is immense pressure on all the organizations in these businesses to keep the four aspects mentioned to their supreme best.
As these businesses are the most emerged industries in the recent past, the supply chain has seen huge transformations. These businesses are getting to the maturing stage and so as the transformations in the supply chain management of these business become more and more competitive, the customer gets only the best products / service.
Note: In case your chosen organization is operating in many countries and deals with many products, it is enough you consider the operations in any one country and indicate some materials that are part of the business and select 2 or 3 materials out of them for providing answers to the questions given below.
Students can make use of graphs, tables, illustrations, maps, pictures, images to add clarity to your answers.
1. Examine and evaluate your chosen organization’s Supply Chain, describe its basic working, strategy used by them, key drivers for achieving an integrated supply chain. What is the SCM model used?(2MM)
2. Go through the typical Working of the chosen Organization’s logistics process, Is there a role for reverse logistics for your chosen organization’s products / services ? If there is a role, explain the process that is applicable.(2MM)
3. Analyse and understand the different modes of transportation employed by your chosen organization. Indicate whether the current arrangements are effective. Suggest improvements for making the transportation sustainable and new modes of transportation.(2MM)
4. What is the Warehouse design used by the chosen organization and provide your idea on the appropriate warehouse design that will be suitable for the future. Justify your choice with proper reason.(2MM)
5. Given the nature of the products that you have selected for your chosen organization, what is the type of Inventory management control that your chosen organization should adopt? Give reasons.(2MM)
Unformatted Attachment Preview
المملكة العربية السعودية
وزارة التعليم
الجامعة السعودية اإللكترونية
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Ministry of Education
Saudi Electronic University
College of Administrative and Financial Sciences
Assignment 2
Introduction to Operations Management (MGT 311)
Due Date: 11/11/2023 @ 23:59
Course Name:
Student’s Name:
Course Code: MGT 311
Student’s ID Number:
Semester: First
CRN:
Academic Year:2023-24-1st
For Instructor’s Use only
Instructor’s Name:
Students’ Grade:
Marks Obtained/Out of 10
Level of Marks: High/Middle/Low
General Instructions – PLEASE READ THEM CAREFULLY
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The Assignment must be submitted on Blackboard (WORD format only) via allocated
folder.
Assignments submitted through email will not be accepted.
Students are advised to make their work clear and well presented, marks may be reduced
for poor presentation. This includes filling your information on the cover page.
Students must mention question number clearly in their answer.
Late submission will NOT be accepted.
Avoid plagiarism, the work should be in your own words, copying from students or other
resources without proper referencing will result in ZERO marks. No exceptions.
All answered must be typed using Times New Roman (size 12, double-spaced) font. No
pictures containing text will be accepted and will be considered plagiarism).
Submissions without this cover page will NOT be accepted.
Learning Outcomes:
•
•
•
•
Understand fundamental supply chain management concepts.
Apply knowledge to evaluate and manage an effective supply chain.
Understand the foundational role of logistics as it relates to transportation and
warehousing.
How to align the management of a supply chain with corporate goals and
strategies.
Go through the given case scenario
Choose an organization operating in any part of the globe (preferably a super
market, hyper market chain (or) a fast-food industry or an electronics
equipment manufacturer/distributor, automobile manufacturer or automotive
parts or retail products / services.
The organization that you choose should either manufacture or market or
distribute some products / services. The competition in these businesses
majorly depends upon price, quality, timely delivery and service (which are
core aspects of Supply Chain Management). Hence there is immense pressure
on all the organizations in these businesses to keep the four aspects mentioned
to their supreme best.
As these businesses are the most emerged industries in the recent past, the
supply chain has seen huge transformations. These businesses are getting to
the maturing stage and so as the transformations in the supply chain
management of these business become more and more competitive, the
customer gets only the best products / service.
Note: In case your chosen organization is operating in many countries
and deals with many products, it is enough you consider the operations
in any one country and indicate some materials that are part of the
business and select 2 or 3 materials out of them for providing answers to
the questions given below.
Students can make use of graphs, tables, illustrations, maps, pictures,
images to add clarity to your answers.
1. Examine and evaluate your chosen organization’s Supply Chain,
describe its basic working, strategy used by them, key drivers for
achieving an integrated supply chain. What is the SCM model used?
(2MM)
2. Go through the typical Working of the chosen Organization’s logistics
process, Is there a role for reverse logistics for your chosen
organization’s products / services ? If there is a role, explain the process
that is applicable. (2MM)
3. Analyse and understand the different modes of transportation employed
by your chosen organization. Indicate whether the current arrangements
are effective. Suggest improvements for making the transportation
sustainable and new modes of transportation. (2MM)
4. What is the Warehouse design used by the chosen organization and
provide your idea on the appropriate warehouse design that will be
suitable for the future. Justify your choice with proper reason. (2MM)
5. Given the nature of the products that you have selected for your chosen
organization, what is the type of Inventory management control that
your chosen organization should adopt? Give reasons. (2MM)
Note:
•
•
•
You must include at least 5 references.
Format your references using APA style.
Each answer must not be less than 300 words
Answers
1. Answer2. Answer3. Answer4. Answer-
5. Answer-
Chapter 1:
Introduction to Operations
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Chapter 1 Learning Objectives
•LO 1.1 Define operations and supply chain management.
•LO 1.2 Review the role of operations in the firm and the economy.
•LO 1.3 Describe the five main decisions made by operations and supply chain
managers.
•LO 1.4 Explain the nature of cross-functional decision making with operations.
•LO 1.5 Describe typical inputs and outputs of an operations transformation
system.
•LO 1.6 Analyze trends in operations and supply chain management.
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
1-2
Definition of Operations Management
Operations management
focuses on decisions for the
internal production of the
firm’s products or services. إدارة
العمليات يركز على قرارات اإلنتاج الداخلي منتجات
.الشركة أو خدماتها
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
1-3
A Typical Supply Chain (Figure 1.1)
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
1-4
Operations and Supply Chain Management
Deals with the sourcing,
production, and distribution of the
product or service along with
managing the relationships with
supply chain partners. يتعامل مع
مصادر وإنتاج وتوزيع المنتج أو الخدمة جنبا إلى
.جنب مع إدارة العالقات مع شركاء سلسلة التوريد
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
1-5
Importance of
Operations and Supply Chain
Providing the products
and services that we
use and enjoy تقديم
المنتجات والخدمات التي
نستخدمها ونستمتع بها
Sustaining our way of life
while working to protect
the planet الحفاظ على أسلوب
حياتنا مع العمل على حماية الكوكب
Constantly improving
both productivity and
innovation تحسين اإلنتاجية
واالبتكار باستمرار
Creating revenue from
products & services to
drive firm profitability خلق
إيرادات من المنتجات والخدمات لدفع
ربحية الشركة
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
1-6
Role of Operations in the Economy
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – monetary value of all goods
and services produced in a country. القيمة النقدية- الناتج المحلي اإلجمالي
.لجميع السلع والخدمات المنتجة في بلد ما
Productivity – value of goods/services output, relative to input.
. بالنسبة للمدخالت،الخدمات/ قيمة ناتج السلع- اإلنتاجية
Productivity =
output
capital + labor
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
1-7
Productivity Example
A retail (quick) clinic has the following output (revenue) and labor expenses.
.تحتوي عيادة البيع بالتجزئة (السريعة) على الناتج التالي (اإليرادات) ونفقات العمالة
Did productivity improve from Year 1 to Year 2? (assume equivalent capital costs)
) إلى السنة الثانية؟ (افترض التكاليف الرأسمالية المكافئة1 هل تحسن اإلنتاجية من السنة
Output (revenue) $thousands
Labor $thousands
Year 1
Year 2
Annual
Inflation
$842
$280
$883
$292
2%
4%
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
1-8
Productivity Example – Solution
A retail (quick) clinic has the following output (revenue) and labor expenses.
Did productivity improve from Year 1 to Year 2? (assume equivalent capital costs)
Productivity year 1 = Output year 1 = 842 = 3.01
Labor year 1
280
Productivity year 2 = Output year 2 = 883(.98) = 3.09
Labor year 2
292(.96)
Change in productivity = 3.09 = 1.027 which is a 2.7% increase
3.01
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
1-9
Why Study Operations Management?
Challenging and interesting career
opportunities – domestic,
international – فرص وظيفية صعبة ومثيرة لالهتمام
محلية ودولية
Cross-functional nature of decisions
– what every major needs to know الطبيعة
الوظيفية المشتركة للقرارات – ما يحتاج كل رئيس إلى
معرفته
Principles of process thinking can be
applied across the organization يمكن
ammentorp/123RF
تطبيق مبادئ التفكير العملية في جميع أنحاء المنظمة
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
1-10
Careers in
Operations and Supply Chain Management
Supply Chain Analyst محلل سلسلة التوريد
Supply Chain Analytics تحليالت سلسلة
التوريد
Plant Lead on Sustainability الرصاص
النباتي على االستدامة
Sourcing Specialistأخصائي مصادر
Global Sourcing Analyst محلل مصادر
عالمية
NetPics/Alamy Stock Photo
Transportation Planner مخطط النقل
Risk Consultant استشاري المخاطر
Customs Specialistأخصائي الجمارك
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
1-11
3 Aspects of
Operations and Supply Chain Management
Decisions:
The operations manager must decide::يجب أن يقرر مدير العمليات
• Process, quality, capacity, inventory, and supply chain العملية والجودة والقدرة والمخزون وسلسلة التوريد
Function: :دالة
Major functional areas in organizations: :المجاالت الوظيفية الرئيسية في المنظمات
• Operations, marketing, finance العمليات والتسويق والتمويل
Process: :عملية
Planning and controlling the transformation process and its interfaces
(internal/external))تخطيط ومراقبة عملية التحول وواجهاتها (الداخلية والخارجية
Expansion of these points follows on the next slides.
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
1-12
Let’s Manage Operations at Pizza USA!
Steve Mason/Getty Images
Managing operations
is about making decisions.
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
1-13
Major Decisions at Pizza USA
Process
◦ How should we produce pizzas?
Quality
◦ How do we meet quality standards and ensure a good customer experience?
Capacity
◦ How much output do we need at various times?
Inventory
◦ Which ingredients, when & how much?
Supply Chain
◦ How to source inputs and manage logistics?
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
1-14
Framework for Operations Decisions (Figure 1.2)
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
1-15
Cross-Functional Decision Making
Operations is critical in every firm.
.العمليات أمر بالغ األهمية في كل شركة
Marketing = create demand التسويق = إنشاء الطلب
Operations = produce and distribute goods and services العمليات = إنتاج وتوزيع السلع
والخدمات
Finance = acquire and allocate capital التمويل = الحصول على رأس المال وتخصيصه
Supporting functions: human resources, information systems, accounting الوظائف
والمحاسبة، ونظم المعلومات، الموارد البشرية:الداعمة
Cross-functional decision making – see Table 1.2
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
1-16
Operations as a Processالعمليات كعملية
Inputs
Transformation
(Conversion)
Process
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Outputs
1-17
Operations as a Process (Figure 1.3)
Energy
Materials
Labor
Capital
Information
Transformation
(Conversion)
Process
Goods or
Services
Feedback information for
control of process inputs
and process technology معلومات المالحظات ل
التحكم في مدخالت العملية وتكنولوجيا المعالجة
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
1-18
Transformation Process Examples (Table 1.3)
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
1-19
Trends in
Operations and Supply Chain Management
▪ Sustainability – triple bottom lineاالستدامة – الحد األدنى الثالثي
▪ Services الخدمات
▪ Digital Technologies التقنيات الرقمية
▪ Integration of Decisions Internally and Externally
تكامل القرارات داخليا وخارجيا
▪ Globalization of Operations and the Supply Chain عولمة
العمليات وسلسلة التوريد
StreetVJ/Shutterstock
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
1-20
Chapter 1 Summary
•LO 1.1 Define operations and supply chain management.
•LO 1.2 Review the role of operations in the firm and the economy.
•LO 1.3 Describe the five main decisions made by operations and supply chain
managers.
•LO 1.4 Explain the nature of cross-functional decision making with operations.
•LO 1.5 Describe typical inputs and outputs of an operations transformation
system.
•LO 1.6 Analyze trends in operations and supply chain management.
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
1-21
Questions for Discussion
•What do you hope to learn in this course?
•Review the operations and supply chain trends on slide 1-20. Which of
these is most interesting to you and why?
•What production systems have you seen in person? How do they
produce the intended product or service?
•Describe a transformation process that you recently experienced. Think
about a medical or dental clinic visit, or a restaurant visit.
•Why are global factors important in operations and supply chain?
•How is operations and supply chain related to environmental
responsibility?
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
1-22
Chapter 18:
Logistics
McGraw-Hill Education
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
18-1
Chapter 18 Learning Objectives
▪ LO 18.1 Define the scope and purpose of logistics.
▪ LO 18.2 Explain transportation economics.
▪ LO 18.3 Compare the advantages and disadvantages of the five
modes of transportation.
▪ LO 18.4 Distinguish among the different functions of warehouses.
▪ LO 18.5 Describe how to determine the number and location of
warehouses.
▪ LO 18.6 Consider when a firm should use a third-party logistics
provider.
▪ LO 18.7 Define logistics strategy and explain why it is needed.
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
18-2
Logistics Definition
Plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective forward
and reverse flows and storage of goods and related information
between the point of origin and consumption in order to meet
customer requirements. خطط وتنفيذ ومراقبة التدفق الفعال والفاعل لألمام
وللعكس وتخزين السلع والمعلومات ذات الصلة بين نقطة المنشأ واالستهالك من أجل تلبية
.متطلبات العمالء
Includes:
◦ Inbound to firm واردة إلى شركة
◦ Outbound from firm صادرة من شركة
◦ Warehousing (storage) )التخزين (التخزين
◦ Network design تصميم الشبكة
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
18-3
Importance of Logistics
Boundary spanning activities
▪ Strategic decisions linking marketing and operations القرارات االستراتيجية التي تربط
التسويق والعمليات
▪ Operational decisions defining “place” and movement of goods القرارات التشغيلية التي
تحدد “مكان” وحركة البضائع
▪ Integration with other functions التكامل مع وظائف أخرى
◦ Marketing to fulfill customer demand التسويق لتلبية طلب العمالء
◦ Information systems to link firm to suppliers and customers نظم المعلومات لربط الشركة بالموردين
والعمالء
◦ Finance for large investments in inventory, warehousing تمويل االستثمارات الكبيرة في المخزون
والتخزين
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
18-4
Critical Logistics Decisionsالقرارات اللوجستية الحرجة
❑ What modes of transportation to use?ما هي وسائل النقل الستخدامها؟
❑ What types of warehousing to use? ما هي أنواع التخزين التي يجب
استخدامها؟
❑ Where should factories and warehouses be located? أين يجب أن
توجد المصانع والمستودعات؟
❑ Should logistics be outsourced to third-party provider (3PL)?
3( هل ينبغي االستعانة بمصادر خارجية للخدمات اللوجستية لمزود طرف ثالثPL) ؟
❑ What is the strategic role of logistics in creating and supporting
competitive advantage? ما هو الدور االستراتيجي للخدمات
اللوجستية في خلق ودعم الميزة التنافسية؟
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
18-5
Transportation Economicsاقتصاديات النقل
Economies of scale وفورات
الحجم
Economies of distance
Economies of speed وفورات
وفورات المسافة
السرعة
◦ Larger shipments cost less
per pound (than smaller)
الشحنات األكبر تكلف أقل للرطل
)الواحد (من األصغر
◦ Longer distances cost less
◦ Regular shipping costs less
per pound (than shorter)
per mile (than expedited)
مسافات أطول تكلفة أقل للرطل
تكاليف الشحن العادية أقل لكل ميل
)الواحد (من أقصر
)(من المعجل
◦ Full truckloads cost less
per pound (than partial)
حمولة الشاحنة الكاملة أقل لكل
)رطل (من جزئي
◦ Longer distances cost less
◦ Regular shipping costs less
per mile (than shorter)
مسافات أطول تكلف أقل لكل ميل
)(من أقصر
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
per pound (than expedited)
تكاليف الشحن العادية أقل لكل رطل
)(من المعجل
18-6
Transportation Economics Example
A company has three shipments of 10,000 pounds each going from different nearby
cities to one retail store. The carrier charges $10 per hundredweight (cwt).
If the shipments are consolidated into one truck, the carrier will take the 30,000
pounds for $7 per cwt, but charges $300 each for the two extra stops.
Should the company consolidate the three shipments?
Cost to ship separately in three trucks is:
Cost = 10,000 ($10/100 pounds)*(3 shipments) = $1,000 * 3 = $3,000
Cost to consolidate the three shipments is:
Cost = 30,000 ($7/100 pounds) + $300*(2) = $2,100 + $600 = $2,700
Consolidating the shipments costs less.
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
18-7
Transportation Modes
Trucks
Air
Rail
Pipeline
Water
•
•
Ocean
Inland
Multimodal
Drones??
Intermodal
mipan/123RF
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
8
Mode Use in U.S. (Figure 18.1)
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
9
Transportation Decisions (Table 18.1)
Mode
Advantages
Disadvantages
Truck
Can move freight quickly over long
distances. Very flexible on locations.
Easily linked with rail or air.
More expensive for heavy
and bulky freight than
other modes.
Rail
Relatively inexpensive for long
distances. Can be linked with truck or
ocean freight.
Relatively slow.
Water (inland)
Low cost for moving bulk commodities. Subject to proximity of
Effective when linked to multimode.
waterway locations.
Relatively slow.
Water (ocean)
Cost-effective way to ship freight in
containers over long distances.
Very slow.
Air
Fast way to move freight. Flexible
when linked to trucks.
Very expensive.
Pipeline
Can move bulk commodities (oil, gas,
and chemicals) for long distances.
Expensive to install.
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
18-10
Distribution Centers and Warehousing مراكز
التوزيع والتخزين
Consolidationتوطيد
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
18-11
Distribution Centers and Warehousing مراكز
التوزيع والتخزين
Break-bulkكسر السائبة
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
18-12
Distribution Centers and Warehousing
Cross-dockingعبر االلتحام
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
18-13
Other Purposes of
Distribution Centers and Warehousing
أغراض أخرى من
مراكز التوزيع والتخزين
➢ Managing seasonal demandإدارة الطلب الموسمي
➢ Supporting manufacturing دعم التصنيع
Incoming raw materials المواد الخام الواردة
Outgoing finished goodsالسلع المنتهية المنتهية واليته
➢ Providing value-added servicesتقديم خدمات ذات قيمة مضافة
➢ Handling reverse logisticsمعالجة الخدمات اللوجستية العكسية
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
18-14
Logistics Networks – Location factors
عوامل- الشبكات اللوجستية
الموقع
• Labor availability توافر العمالة
• Government incentivesالحوافز الحكومية
• Cost of laborتكلفة العمالة
• Government regulations اللوائح الحكومية
• Cost of construction and
maintenance تكلفة البناء والصيانة
• Delivery time to customer وقت التسليم إلى
العميل
• Cost of transportationتكلفة النقل
• Proximity to suppliersالقرب من الموردين
• Taxesضرائب
• Highway and rail availability توفر الطرق
السريعة والسكك الحديدية
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
18-15
Logistics Network
شبكة
اللوجستيات
(Figure 18.3)
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
18-16
Center of Gravity Analytics
مركز تحليالت الجاذبية
▪ First approximation to locate warehouses based on transportation
costs and distances. التقريب األول لتحديد موقع المستودعات على أساس تكاليف
.النقل والمسافات
▪ Model calculates the center-of-gravity based on the distances from
warehouses to customers. يقوم النموذج بحساب مركز الجاذبية استنادا إلى
.المسافات من المستودعات إلى العمالء
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
18-17
Center of Gravity – Example
Customer
X coordinate
Y Coordinate
Demand (lbs)
A
10
10
5000
B
20
25
7500
C
25
35
6000
XCG = 10(5000) + 20(7500) + 25(6000) = 18.9
5000 + 7500 + 6000
YCG = 10(5000) + 25(7500) + 35(6000) = 24.2
5000 + 7500 + 6000
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
18-18
Center of Gravity – Example
40
35
C
30
The center of gravity is
a logical location for a
warehouse to serve
Customers A, B, and C.
Center of
gravity
25
B
20
15
10
A
5
0
0
5
10
15
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
20
25
30
19
Number of Warehouses (Figure 18.4)
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
18-20
Global Logistics
الخدمات اللوجستية العالمية
▪ Complex transportation, usually
multimodal عادة متعدد،النقل المعقد
الوسائط
▪ Complex information transfer:
exporters, importers, freight
forwarders, clearing agents, ocean
shipping lines, freight companies,
intermodal operators, banks, and
insurance companies نقل المعلومات
المصدرون والمستوردون ووكالء:المعقدة
الشحن ووكالء المقاصة وخطوط الشحن
البحري وشركات الشحن ومشغلو النقل المتعدد
الوسائط والبنوك وشركات التأمين
ilfede/123RF
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
21
Global Logistics
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
22
Third-Party Logistics (3PL)
الخدمات اللوجستية لجهات
3( خارجيةPL)
• Transportation servicesخدمات النقل
• Warehousing servicesخدمات التخزين
• Inventory management servicesخدمات إدارة المخزون
• Reverse logistics services الخدمات اللوجستية العكسية
• Access to logistics expertise الحصول على الخبرات
اللوجستية
Ryder is a major player in 3PL to more
than 50,000 business customers, using
their 5900 technicians, 7700 drivers, and
800 facilities.
Ryder is a 3PL provider to Cisco, helping
them keep their warranty promise on 1.5
million parts every year.
• Enhanced flexibility to changing
markets/technology مرونة معززة لتغيير
التكنولوجيا/األسواق
• Lower cost than insourcingتكلفة أقل من الموارد
• Humanitarian aid المساعدات اإلنسانية
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
John Crowe/Alamy Stock Photo
18-23
Logistics Strategy
Determine objectives تحديد األهداف
◦ Cost, delivery, service quality, flexibility ، التوصيل،التكلفة
المرونة،جودة الخدمة
Ownership vs. outsourcing logistics function الملكية مقابل
االستعانة بمصادر خارجية وظيفة اللوجستية
Transportation modes وسائط النقل
Warehousing network شبكة التخزين
◦ Number and location of facilitiesعدد المرافق وموقعها
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
18-24
Chapter 18 Summary
▪ LO 18.1 Define the scope and purpose of logistics.
▪ LO 18.2 Explain transportation economics.
▪ LO 18.3 Compare the advantages and disadvantages of the five
modes of transportation.
▪ LO 18.4 Distinguish among the different functions of warehouses.
▪ LO 18.5 Describe how to determine the number and location of
warehouses.
▪ LO 18.6 Consider when a firm should use a third-party logistics
provider.
▪ LO 18.7 Define logistics strategy and explain why it is needed.
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
18-25
Questions for Discussion
•Describe different types of logistics that you have personally
observed. Where did you see them? What were they doing?
•How does a firm choose its modes of transportation to move its
goods?
•When would a firm use these various types of warehouses:
consolidation, break-bulk, cross-docking?
•When is reverse logistics used? How does it work?
•In your own words, what is a logistics network?
•Beyond knowing the ‘center of gravity’ in a network, what other
factors should be considered when choosing a warehouse location?
•What types of services are carried out by third-party logistics (3PL)
providers?
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED.
26
Chapter 2:
Operations and Supply Chain
Strategy
McGraw-Hill Education
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Chapter 2 Learning Objectives
▪LO 2.1 Define operations strategy.
▪LO 2.2 Describe the elements of operations strategy and alignment with business
and other functional strategies.
▪LO 2.3 Differentiate the ways to compete with operations objectives.
▪LO 2.4 Compare product imitator and innovator strategies.
▪LO 2.5 Explain the nature of global operations and supply chains.
▪LO 2.6 Analyze two types of supply chain strategies.
▪LO 2.7 Illustrate how operations and supply chain can become more sustainable.
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
2-2
Operations Strategy
“A consistent pattern of business decisions for operations and the
associated supply chain … ”نمط ثابت من القرارات التجارية للعمليات وسلسلة
… التوريد المرتبطة بها
… that are linked to the business strategy and other functional
strategies, leading to a competitive advantage for the firm.” …
مما يؤدي إلى ميزة،ترتبط باستراتيجية األعمال واالستراتيجيات الوظيفية األخرى
.”تنافسية للشركة
The operations strategy at Southwest Airlines includes
using only one type of airplane. تتضمن استراتيجية العمليات في
.شركة ساوث ويست إيرالينز استخدام نوع واحد فقط من الطائرات
This lowers staff training and maintenance costs, and
reduces on hand spare parts. وهذا يخفض تكاليف تدريب الموظفين
. ويقلل من قطع الغيار اليدوية،وصيانتها
Markus Mainka/123RF
These decisions support the business strategy of being a
low cost carrier. وتدعم هذه القرارات استراتيجية األعمال التجارية المتمثلة
.في كونها ناقال منخفض التكلفة
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
2-3
Operations
Strategy
Process (Figure 2.1)
Corporate strategy
Business strategy
Operations Strategy
Internal
analysis
Mission
Objectives: (cost, quality,
delivery, flexibility, sustainability)
External
analysis
Strategic Decisions: (process,
quality, capacity, inventory, supply chain)
Functional strategies in
marketing,
finance,
engineering,
human resources,
and
information systems
Distinctive
Competence
Consistent pattern of decisions
Results
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
2-4
Operations Strategic Objectives
Cost – resources usedالتكلفة – الموارد المستخدمة
Quality – conformance to customer expectations الجودة – مطابقة
لتوقعات العمالء
Delivery – quickly and on time التسليم – بسرعة وفي الوقت المحدد
Flexibility – ability to rapidly change operations المرونة – القدرة على
تغيير العمليات بسرعة
Sustainability – environmental, social, economic االستدامة – البيئية
واالجتماعية واالقتصادية
How do firms use
these objectives to
gain competitive
advantage?
What trade-offs
exist among the
objectives?
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
2-5
Examples of Important
Strategic Decisions in Operations (Table 2.2)
Strategic Decision
Decision Type
Span of process
Process
Automation
Process flow
Job specialization
Strategic Choice
Make or buy
Hand/machine–made
Project, batch, line or continuous
High or low specialization
Quality
Approach
Training
Suppliers
Prevention or inspection
Technical or managerial training
Selected on quality or cost
Capacity
Facility size
Location
Investment
One large or several small facilities
Near markets, low cost or foreign
Permanent or temporary
Inventory
Amount
Distribution
Control Systems
High or low levels of inventory
Centralized or decentralized warehouse
Control in greater or less detail
Supply Chain
Sourcing
Logistics
Insource or outsource products
National or global distribution
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
2-6
Distinctive Competenceكفاءة مميزة
This operations capability is something an
organization does better than any competing
organization that adds value for the customer. هذه
القدرة العمليات شيء مؤسسة يفعل أفضل من أي منظمة منافسة أن
.يضيف قيمة للعميل
Examples:
• patents, proprietary technology, operations
innovations ، والتكنولوجيا الملكية،براءات االختراع
واالبتكارات العمليات
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
2-7
Linking Operations to Business Strategy ربط
العمليات باستراتيجية األعمال
Business strategy alternatives بدائل استراتيجية األعمال
◦ Product Imitator مقلد المنتج
◦ Operations must focus on keeping costs low. .ويجب أن تركز العمليات على إبقاء التكاليف منخفضة
◦ Product Innovator مبتكر المنتج
◦ Operations must maintain flexibility in processes, labor, and suppliers. يجب أن تحافظ العمليات
.على المرونة في العمليات والعمالة والموردين
Customer perspective منظور العميل
◦ Order Qualifier ترتيب المؤهلين
◦
Objective that must be delivered at an acceptable level for customer to consider
product/service. Can be an order loser if not met. الهدف الذي يجب أن يتم تسليمه على مستوى مقبول
. يمكن أن يكون خاسرا النظام إذا لم يتم الوفاء بها. الخدمة/ للعميل للنظر في المنتج
◦ Order Winner الفائز باألمر
◦
Objective that causes customer to choose a particular product/service. الهدف الذي يؤدي إلى
.خدمة معينة/اختيار العميل لمنتج
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
2-8
Linking Operations to Business Strategy
◦ Product Imitator مقلد المنتج
◦ Order Winner = price (low cost) )الفائز باألمر = السعر (تكلفة منخفضة
◦ Order Qualifiers = flexibility, quality, delivery تصفيات الطلب = المرونة والجودة والتسليم مبتكر المنتج
◦ Product Innovator مبتكر المنتج
◦ Order Winner = flexibility (rapid introduction of new products) الفائز أمر = المرونة
)(إدخال سريع للمنتجات الجديدة
◦ Order Qualifiers = cost, delivery, quality تصفيات الطلب = التكلفة والتسليم والجودة
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
2-9
Example:
McDonald’s Operations Strategy
Mission مهمة
fast product/service, consistent quality, low cost, clean/friendly environment
صديقة/ بيئة نظيفة، تكلفة منخفضة، جودة متسقة، خدمة/ منتج سريع
Operations Objectives أهداف العمليات
cost, quality, service التكلفة والجودة والخدمة
Strategic Decisions القرارات االستراتيجية
process, quality, capacity, inventory, supply chain ، المخزون، القدرة، الجودة،العملية
سلسلة التوريد
Distinctive Competence كفاءة مميزة
today: continuous improvement of the transformation system, and brand
(originally: unique service/supply chain) والعالمة، التحسين المستمر لنظام التحول: اليوم
) سلسلة التوريد/ خدمة فريدة من نوعها: التجارية (في األصل
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
2-10
Characteristics of “Global Corporations” خصائص
“”الشركات العالمية
✓ Facilities located worldwide, not country by country. مرافق تقع في جميع أنحاء
. وليس بلد بلد،العالم
✓ Products & services can be shifted among countries. يمكن نقل المنتجات
.والخدمات بين البلدان
✓ Sourcing on a global basis. .المصادر على أساس عالمي
✓ Supply chain is global in nature. .سلسلة التوريد عالمية بطبيعتها
✓ Product design & process technology are global. تصميم المنتجات وتكنولوجيا
.المعالجة عالمية
✓ Products/service fit global tastes. . الخدمات تناسب األذواق العالمية/المنتجات
✓ Demand is considered on worldwide basis. .وينظر في الطلب على أساس عالمي
✓ Logistics & inventory control is on worldwide basis. اللوجستية ومراقبة المخزون
.على أساس عالمي
COPYRIGHT © 2022 BY THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
2-11
Supply Chain Strategyاستراتيجية سلسلة التوريد
To achieve competitive advantage for entire supply chain, rather
than individual entities. . بدال من الكيانات الفردية،تحقيق ميزة تنافسية لسلسلة التوريد بأكملها
Two supply chain strategies: :استراتيجيتان لسلسلة التوريد
◦ Imitative Products (e.g. commodities) )المنتجات المقلدة (مثل السلع
◦ Predictable demand الطلب المتوقع
◦ Efficient, low-cost supply chain سلسلة توريد فعالة ومنخفضة التكلفة
◦ Innovative Products
