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i am in my bachelor program and i need help writing some papers for this class: assignment is attached and an example of each paper is attached .. assignment label 2 will be used to complete assignment 4 as labeled.
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Assessment 02 – Applying Research Skills
Create a 3-5 page annotated bibliography and summary based on your research related to best practices
addressing a current health care problem or issue.
pick any of the two below :
For this assessment, you will research best practices related to a current healthcare problem.
Your selected problem or issue will be utilized again in Assessment 4. Before you complete the
instructions detailed in the course room, first select one of the following healthcare problems or
issues:
CHOICE 1 Limited Access to Healthcare
Description: Many individuals face barriers in accessing health services due to
factors like location, cost, provider availability, transportation issues, or lack of
insurance, leading to untreated conditions and health disparities.
o Interventions: Telemedicine, online healthcare information, community health
clinics, health policy reforms, in-home healthcare services.
o Keywords: Health insurance, rural health, rural nursing, telehealth, online health
information seeking, health care access, health information systems, consumer
health information, chronic disease, health information search, health seeking
behavior.
Choice 2 Healthcare Disparities
o Description: Differences in health outcomes and care quality experienced by
certain populations due to socioeconomic, racial, or geographic factors.
o Interventions: Federal goals, policy changes, Triple Aim for populations,
community health improvement plans, patient advocacy efforts, cultural
competency training.
o Keywords: Socioeconomic status, health disparities, health inequities, health
equity, community health assessment, community health improvement plan,
strategic planning, local health departments.
After you have selected one of the problems/issues from the list above, return to the detailed
After choosing the topic please read below for more information
Note: The requirements outlined below correspond to the grading criteria in the scoring guide. At a
minimum, be sure to address each point. In addition, you are encouraged to review the performancelevel descriptions for each criterion to see how your work will be assessed.
For this assessment, research best practices related to a current health care problem. Your selected
problem or issue will be utilized again in Assessment 4. To explore your chosen topic, you should use the
first two steps of the Socratic Problem-Solving Approach to aid your critical thinking.
Select one of the health care problems or issues presented in the Assessment 02 Supplement: Applying
Research Skills [PDF] Download Assessment 02 Supplement: Applying Research Skills [PDF]resource.
Write a brief overview of the selected health care problem or issue. In your overview: choices attached
above please
1. Summarize the health care problem or issue. from the choices above
2. Describe the professional relevance of this topic.
3. Describe any professional experience you have with this topic.
4. Identify peer-reviewed articles relevant to this health care issue or problem.
5. Conduct a search for scholarly or academic peer-reviewed literature related to the topic and
describe the criteria you used to search for articles, including the names of the databases you
used. You will select four current scholarly or academic peer-reviewed journal articles published
during the past 3–5 years that relate to your topic.
6. Refer to the NHS-FPX4000: Developing a Health Care Perspective Library Guide to help you
locate appropriate references.
7. Use keywords related to the health care problem or issue you are researching to select relevant
articles.
8. Assess the credibility and explain relevance of the information sources you find.
9. Determine if the source is from an academic peer-reviewed journal.
10. Determine if the publication is current.
11. Determine if information in the academic peer-reviewed journal article is still relevant.
12. Analyze academic peer-reviewed journal articles using the annotated bibliography
organizational format. Provide a rationale for inclusion of each selected article. The purpose of
an annotated bibliography is to document a list of references along with key information about
each one. The detail about the reference is the annotation. Developing this annotated
bibliography will create a foundation of knowledge about the selected topic. In your annotated
bibliography:
13. Identify the purpose of the article.
14. Summarize the information.
15. Provide rationale for inclusion of each article.
16. Include the conclusions and findings of the article.
17. Write your annotated bibliography in a paragraph form. The annotated bibliography should be
approximately 150 words (1–3 paragraphs) in length.
18. List the full reference for the source in APA format (author, date, title, publisher, et cetera) and
use APA format for the annotated bibliography.
19. Make sure the references are listed in alphabetical order, are double-spaced, and use hanging
indents.
20. Summarize what you have learned while developing an annotated bibliography.
21. Summarize what you learned from your research in a separate paragraph or two at the end of
the paper.
22. List the main points you learned from your research.
23. Summarize the main contributions of the sources you chose and how they enhanced your
knowledge about the topic.
Your assessment should also meet the following requirements:
Length: 3–5 typed, double-spaced pages, not including the title page and reference page.
Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point.
APA tutorial: Use the APA Style Paper Tutorial [DOCX] for guidance.
Written communication: Write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar,
punctuation, and mechanics.
Content: Provide a title page and reference page following APA style.
References: Use at least four scholarly or academic peer-reviewed journal articles.
APA format: Follow current APA guidelines for in-text citation of outside sources in the body of your
paper and also on the reference page.
FYI i have attached an example of this paper to help understand better
1
Applying Library Research Skills
Learner’s Name
Capella University
NHS4000: Developing a Health Care Perspective
Instructor Name
August, 2020
Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.
2
Applying Library Research Skills
With the advent of new technologies and treatment methods, health care organizations
are facing many challenges. Patient safety is one such challenge that needs to be addressed not
only by health care professionals but also by other stakeholders in the business. Ensuring patient
safety is essential for providing quality health care.
As a medical transcriptionist, I am responsible for converting voice-recorded reports of
health care professionals into text. Although I am not directly involved in treating patients, any
errors that occur during the transcription process could result in inaccurate documentation of
medical data. For example, one of my colleagues documented the dosage of Lasix as 400 mg
instead of 40 mg in a discharge summary. When the health care professional who had dictated
the report reviewed it, he was able to spot the error in the dosage and correct it, which helped
prevent the patient from having a dangerous reaction to the incorrect dosage. This incident
helped me realize the importance of preparing accurate documents for ensuring patient safety
and delivering quality care. I developed a keen interest in issues relating to patient safety ever
since.
Identifying Academic Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles Using
Summon, a search engine that searches across Capella University Library’s databases, I accessed
articles that are carried by databases such as ProQuest Central and PubMed Central. I used
keywords such as “health care issues,” “patient safety,” and “quality of care” to search for peerreviewed literature relevant to patient safety. Using the advanced search option, I limited my
search to scholarly and peer-reviewed journals, choosing “journal article” as the publication type,
“medicine” and “nursing” as the subjects, and articles published within the last five years as the
publication date range.
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3
Assessing Credibility and Relevance of Information Sources
To ensure credibility, I selected peer-reviewed journal articles that were published within
the past five years. I made sure that the selected sources were published by authors who were
well-known in the field of health care and had extensive professional experience.
To ensure that the chosen sources of information were relevant to the topic, I confirmed
that they contained accepted facts and opinions on issues relating to patient safety and quality
care. I also checked whether each information source had a clearly defined purpose and
contained pertinent information about patient safety and quality care.
Annotated Bibliography
Kronick, R., Arnold, S., & Brady, J. (2016, August 2). Improving safety for hospitalized patients:
Much progress but many challenges remain. The JAMA Network, 316(5), 489–490.
https://jamanetwork-com.library.capella.edu/journals/jama/fullarticle/2528945 This
article provides a viewpoint on the progress that hospitals have made toward reducing
patient harm and understand the factors that have led to this progress. The authors cite
reports released by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and the
National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) to analyze the occurrence of issues relating
to patient safety in hospitals. The authors hypothesize that improvement in health care
safety for hospitalized patients may have been possible because of reasons such as an
awareness of the importance of improving safety culture with evidence-based
suggestions. The authors conclude by expressing the need for finding ways to maintain or
accelerate the rate of decline in adverse events relating to patient harm. They believe that
investing in patient safety research programs and ensuring that patient safety remains a
high priority for hospital leadership teams can help reduce the number of adverse events.
Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.
4
This article is relevant to patient safety because it examines evidence of reduction in
patient harms in hospitals and offers approaches to reduce such harms.
Morris, S., Otto, N. C., & Golemboski, K. (2013). Improving patient safety and healthcare
quality in the 21st century—Competencies required of future medical laboratory science
practitioners. Clinical Laboratory Science, 26(4), 200–204. https://searchproquestcom.library.capella.edu/docview/1530677721/fulltextPDF/CF6F9C5B900402CP
Q/1?acc ountid=27965
In this article, the authors express their concern about health care professionals,
particularly medical laboratory science (MLS) practitioners, being insufficiently trained
to achieve the five core competencies that the Institute of Medicine (IOM) identified in
2002. The authors discuss ways to incorporate patient safety practices and concepts in the
MLS curricula to ensure that future MLS practitioners are well-versed in the
abovementioned competencies identified by the IOM. The authors conclude that by
focusing on the aims and competencies identified by the IOM, future practitioners will be
better equipped to deal with patient safety concerns while practicing MLS. This article
was chosen because it offers a solution for dealing with patient safety issues and explains
how patient safety concepts can be incorporated in the curricula for courses pertaining to
health care, such as MLS, to enable future health care practitioners to provide effective
health care.
Parand, A., Dopson, S., Renz, A., & Vincent, C. (2014). The role of hospital managers in quality
and patient safety: A systematic review. BMJ Open, 4(9). http://dx.doi.org/
10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005055
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5
This article provides a systematic review of available empirical literature to understand
how health care managers are involved in delivering quality health care and ensuring
patient safety. Based on the literature review, the authors suggest that board-level
managers should spend more than 25% of their time on patient safety and quality to
ensure positive outcomes; however, most of the reviewed studies indicate that they spend
much less time than that. The authors also present a quality management input process
output (IPO) model, a framework that will help managers function effectively and
achieve health care quality and safety. The authors conclude that there is a need to make
certain changes in hospitals to ensure the active involvement of managers in quality
improvement. The article is relevant to patient safety because it discusses the role of
health care managers in influencing patient safety and quality care outcomes and also
proposes a model to help managers understand this role.
Ulrich, B., & Kear, T. (2014). Patient safety and patient safety culture: Foundations of excellent
health care delivery. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 41(5), 447–456, 505.
https://searchproquestcom.library.capella.edu/docview/1617932572/fulltextPDF/1486CC
30B3624B3CPQ/1?ac countid=27965
This article provides a general understanding of the concepts of patient safety and patient
safety culture. The authors explain that the health care system is complex and patient
safety is the responsibility of every individual in a health care organization. They discuss
some tools that can be used to measure patient safety culture, for example, the Safety
Attitudes Questionnaire and the Patient Safety Culture Improvement Tool. They also
examine several strategies to encourage a patient safety culture, such as ensuring that
patient safety is given as much importance as other core business functions. This article
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6
was chosen because it offers strategies for preventing adverse events relating to patient
safety and emphasizes the importance of teamwork within a health care organization to
ensure safe patient care.
Learnings from the Research
I gathered important facts and scholarly opinions about patient safety by going through
peer-reviewed journal articles. This research enriched my knowledge about patient safety. For
example, after reading the article on improving safety for hospitalized patients by Kronick et al.
(2016), I learned about patient harms (such as catheter-associated urinary tract infections and
pressure ulcers) that I was unaware of before this research. Further, by creating an annotated
bibliography, I was able to build a repository of scholarly resources relating to patient safety.
This will make it easier for me to choose relevant resources while writing the paper on issues
concerning patient safety.
Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.
7
References
Kronick, R., Arnold, S., & Brady, J. (2016, August 2). Improving safety for hospitalized patients:
Much progress but many challenges remain. The JAMA Network, 316(5), 489–490.
https://jamanetwork-com.library.capella.edu/journals/jama/fullarticle/2528945
Morris, S., Otto, N. C., & Golemboski, K. (2013). Improving patient safety and healthcare
quality in the 21st century—Competencies required of future medical laboratory science
practitioners. Clinical Laboratory Science, 26(4), 200–204. https://searchproquestcom.library.capella.edu/docview/1530677721/fulltextPDF/CF6F9C5B900402CP
Q/1?acc ountid=27965
Parand, A., Dopson, S., Renz, A., & Vincent, C. (2014). The role of hospital managers in quality
and patient safety: A systematic review. BMJ Open, 4(9). http://dx.doi.org/
10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005055
Ulrich, B., & Kear, T. (2014). Patient safety and patient safety culture: Foundations of excellent
health care delivery. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 41(5), 447–456, 505.
https://searchproquestcom.library.capella.edu/docview/1617932572/fulltextPDF/1486CC
30B3624B3CPQ/1?ac countid=27965
Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.
Assignment 4 Analyzing a Current Health Care Problem or Issue
Write a 4-6 page analysis of a current problem or issue in health care, including a proposed solution and
possible ethical implications. use the problem you picked on the previous paper to complete this
assignment.
Describe the health care problem or issue you selected for use in Assessment 2 and provide details
about it.
•
Explore your chosen topic. For this, you should use the first four steps of the Socratic ProblemSolving Approach to aid your critical thinking. This approach was introduced in Assessment 2.
•
Identify possible causes for the problem or issue.
Use scholarly information to describe and explain the health care problem or issue and identify
possible causes for it.
•
Identify at least three scholarly or academic peer-reviewed journal articles about the topic.
•
You may find the How Do I Find Peer-Reviewed Articles? library guide helpful in locating
appropriate references.
•
You may use articles you found while working on Assessment 2 or you may search the Capella
library for other articles.
•
You may find the applicable Undergraduate Library Research Guide helpful in your search.
•
Review the Think Critically About Source Quality to help you complete the following:
•
Assess the credibility of the information sources.
•
Assess the relevance of the information sources.
Analyze the health care problem or issue.
•
Describe the setting or context for the problem or issue.
•
Describe why the problem or issue is important to you.
•
Identify groups of people affected by the problem or issue.
•
Provide examples that support your analysis of the problem or issue.
Discuss potential solutions for the health care problem or issue.
•
Describe what would be required to implement a solution.
•
Describe potential consequences of ignoring the problem or issue.
•
Provide the pros and cons for one of the solutions you are proposing.
Explain the ethical principles (Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, Autonomy, and Justice) if potential
solution was implemented.
•
Describe what would be necessary to implement the proposed solution.
•
Explain the ethical principles that need to be considered (Beneficence, Nonmaleficence,
Autonomy, and Justice) if the potential solution was implemented.
•
Provide examples from the literature to support the points you are making.
1
Analyze a Current Health Care Problem or Issue
Learner’s Name
Capella University
NHS4000: Developing a Health Care Perspective
Instructor Name
August, 2020
Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.
2
Analyze a Current Health Care Problem or Issue
Patient safety, as discussed in the previous assessment, is an important element of quality
health care. This assessment will expand upon patient safety issues that occur when patients are
exposed to inadvertent harm or injury while receiving medical care. Health care organizations
should maintain and develop a safety culture to prevent patient safety issues. Patient safety
culture is defined as a system that promotes safety by shared organizational values of what is
important and beliefs about how things work. It also encompasses how these values and beliefs
interact with the work unit, organizational structures, and systems to produce behavioral norms
(Ulrich & Kear, 2014). As such, care should be taken to improve the infrastructure of health care
organizations. Improving patient safety should be discussed and addressed by every individual
associated with public health care.
Elements of the Problem/Issue
Research shows that while getting treated at health care organizations, patients might be
at risk of experiencing the harm or injuries associated with medical care. The most likely causes
of patient safety issues are preventable adverse events, which are adverse events attributable to
error. These errors can be classified as diagnostic errors, contextual errors, and communication
errors (Ulrich & Kear, 2014).
Diagnostic errors take place when health care professionals provide a wrong or delayed
diagnosis or no diagnosis at all (James, 2013). An example of a wrong diagnosis is a health care
professional diagnosing a patient with gastric troubles when the patient is actually experiencing a
heart attack. An example of a delayed diagnosis is a patient not being notified of an abnormal
chest X-ray, thereby delaying diagnosis of a serious medical condition. An example of a missed
diagnosis is a patient not being diagnosed with heart failure despite warning symptoms.
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3
Contextual errors occur when health care professionals fail to consider their patients’
personal or psychological limitations while planning appropriate care for them. An example is a
health care professional’s failure to recognize that basic follow-up discharge instructions may not
be understood by patients with cognitive disabilities (James, 2013). It is important for health care
professionals to be aware of their patients’ mental and physical abilities before they formulate a
plan of care.
Communication errors occur when there is miscommunication or lack of communication
between health care professionals and patients (James, 2013). They can cause severe harm to
patients. An example of this is a nurse failing to tell a surgeon that a patient experienced
abdominal pain and had a drop in red blood cell count after an operation, resulting in the death of
the patient due to severe internal bleeding. Limited health care knowledge; language barriers;
and auditory, visual, and speech disabilities could also lead to communication errors and cause
safety issues.
Analysis
As a medical transcriptionist, it is important for me to be aware of potential transcription
errors and privacy standards, which affect patient safety. Errors like these pose dangerous risks;
therefore, it is necessary to have an overall quality evaluation of the transcribed documents.
Also, I must ensure that serious difficulties in transcription resulting from poor-quality voice
files are reported immediately to the manager, who will then convey this to the health care
professionals involved in the process. This will help ensure that patient safety is not
compromised.
Context for Patient Safety Issues
With the advancement of medical technology, health care processes have become
extremely complex. Health care professionals are required to stay up to date with a lot of new
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4
knowledge and innovations obtained from research. This often overburdens them as there is a
need to apply the learning from research in their practice. Also, at the individual level, there is a
dearth of well-balanced continuing education programs, which has resulted in a lack of attention
to patient safety among health care professionals. At the system level, organizations fail to
deliver optimum health care as a result of being understaffed, an inability to provide appropriate
technology, and ineffective execution of patient care transfer (James, 2013). Overcrowding and
understaffing delays initiation of treatment and puts critically ill patients at significant risk. All
of these factors contribute to a rise in patient safety issues.
Populations Affected by Patient Safety Issues
Patients with a psychiatric history are also a vulnerable group of people who face patient
safety issues because their psychiatric records are often combined with their current symptoms.
Patients with a documented history of psychiatric illness may avoid seeking health care services as
they feel that their care will be based on their past record of illnesses and not their present needs.
Therefore, psychotherapists should implement measures such that their psychiatric data is concealed
from their medical records before it is shared with the third party, which helps protect patients’
confidentiality (Shenoy & Appel, 2017).
Considering Options
Patient safety in hospitals can be achieved by creating a culture of safety that involves
effective communication, correct managerial leadership styles, and the use of Electronic Health
Records (EHRs). Effective communication while passing patient-specific information from one
health care professional to another is essential in ensuring continuous and safe patient care.
Training the team could likely improve consistent successful communication and help prevent
errors. Standardizing critical content that needs to be communicated by the initial health care
professional ensures safe transfer of care (Farmer, 2016).
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5
It is essential for leadership teams to adopt organizational strategies that would improve
patient safety and transform their organizations into reliable systems for enhanced patient
satisfaction. They should set strategic safety goals, which could include adhering to standards of
health, assessing quality, using patient satisfaction reviews, and analyzing adverse event reports
to determine improvement in safety issues (Parand et al., 2014).
An EHR is another potential solution to prevent patient safety issues. It is a digital record
of a patient’s medical information that includes history, physical examination, investigations, and
treatment (Ozair et al., 2015). It helps manage multiple processes in the complex health care
system and prevents errors. EHRs utilize less storage space compared to paper documentation
and allow an infinite number of records to be stored. In addition to being cost-effective and
preventing a loss of records, EHRs help conduct research activities and provide quick data
transfer (Ozair et al., 2015).
Solution
In health care, because transmission of information takes place among different people
and electronic devices, there is a high likelihood of errors occurring. For example, transcription
errors (which occur due to poor audio quality or the lack of a quality evaluation process) can be
prevented by using recording equipment with good sound quality and by maintaining
proofreading and quality checks. However, integrating transcription processes with the HER
system helps prevent errors, helps access the required information faster, and allows health care
professionals to take accurate decisions about patients’ care.
Implementation
An EHR is an important mechanism for improving patient safety. Its advancement has
made it a viable option to prevent medical errors. However, the use of EHRs has certain ethical
implications such as security violation, data inaccuracies, lack of privacy and confidentiality, and
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6
challenges during system implementation. Security violation takes place when patients’
confidential health information is accessible to others without their permission. To avoid security
violation, data should not only be password protected but also encrypted to restrict access to
unauthorized individuals. Firewalls and antivirus software should be used to protect data (Ozair
et al., 2015).
Though EHRs improve patient safety by reducing medical errors, data inaccuracies are
increasing. Loss of data during data transfer leads to inaccuracies that affect decision-making
related to patient care. A problem of concern related to data inaccuracy is medical identity theft,
which leads to incorrect information being filed into a person’s medical record, which in turn
leads to insurance fraud and wrong billing (Ozair et al., 2015).
In health care, information that is shared during physician–patient interactions should be
kept confidential and should be made inaccessible to unauthorized individuals. Enabling rolebased access controls based on user credentials will restrict access to the EHR system to
authorized users. The user should also be made aware that he or she is responsible for any
information that he or she misuses (Ozair et al., 2015).
As EHR is a complex software, there is a high likelihood that software failure may result
in inaccurate recordings of patients’ data. Therefore, EHR system implementation may have
ethical implications due to the violation of data integrity (Ozair et al., 2015). EHRs can safeguard
patient confidentiality by using various methods that prevent security breaches. In addition to
this, creating reminders that ask for a confirmation before accessing confidential information can
help protect data. A nesting system could be developed, which would allow, for example, a
health care professional from a specific specialty clinic to access patient records by signing into
the specialty domain (Shenoy & Appel, 2017). These methods will enable the safe and efficient
use of EHRs and ensure patient safety.
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7
Conclusion
Patient safety involves preventing the risk of harm or injuries to patients by establishing a
safety culture and providing high-quality medical care. Health care organizations must
understand patient safety issues and find solutions for these issues by designing systems that
prevent errors from occurring. Potential solutions include effective communication, changes in
leadership style, and the use of EHRs. The ethical implications of these solutions should be
considered before implementing them in a health care setting. It is also important that health care
professionals undergo continuous education and effective training, provide appropriate medical
care, prevent errors, and follow safety practices to improve clinical outcomes.
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8
References
Farmer, B. M. (2016). Patient safety in the emergency department. Emergency Medicine, 48(9),
396–404. https://mdedge.com/emed-journal/article/113659/trauma/patient-safetyemergency-department
Flood, B. (2017). Safety of people with intellectual disabilities in hospital. What can the hospital
pharmacist do to improve quality of care? Pharmacy, 5(3).
https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5622356/
James, J. T. (2013). A new, evidence-based estimate of patient harms associated with hospital
care. Journal of Patient Safety, 9(3), 122–128.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PTS.0b013e3182948a69
Ozair, F. F., Jamshed, N., Sharma, A., & Aggarwal, P. (2015). Ethical issues in electronic health
records: A general overview. Perspectives in Clinical Research, 6(2), 73–76.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-3485.153997
Parand, A., Dopson, S., Renz, A., & Vincent, C. (2014). The role of hospital managers in quality
and patient safety: A systematic review. BMJ Open, 4(9).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005055
Shenoy, A., & Appel, J. M. (2017, April). Safeguarding confidentiality in electronic health
records. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 26(2), 337–341. https://searchproquest-com.library.capella.edu/docview/1882434628?pqorigsite=summon&https://library.capella.edu/login?url=accountid=27965
Ulrich, B., & Kear, T. (2014). Patient safety and patient safety culture: Foundations of excellent
health care delivery. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 41(5), 447–456, 505. https://searchproquest-
Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.
9
com.library.capella.edu/docview/1617932572/fulltextPDF/1486CC30B3624B3CPQ/1?ac
countid=27965
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