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Write up 1 Bipolar & Depressive Disorders.Exercise ContentDSM-5-TR Summaries Assignments (SLO#1) (10% of total grade for this paper)The student will have 2 sets of summaries to complete. Each of them will contain a 1-page summary of a category of disorders (one page per category, e.g., in Summary, set 1, one page for Bipolar and Related Disorders, one page for Depressive Disorders, In addition, each category should include the following headings: Overview, age-related factors, differential diagnosis, Disorders Risk, and Prognostic Factors.DSM-5 Assignment Rubric:
Criterion Proficient 20 points Developing proficiency 15 points Unsatisfactory 5 points Score 20 PointsOverview of diagnostic category Clearly describes how this diagnostic category fits in the DSM-5, e.g., Neurodevelopmental, Mood Disorder, etc. and what other subcategories of diagnoses are included and how they differ. Provides general information but seems confused about how the diagnostic category fits in the DSM-5 framework and does not describe some subcategories of diagnosis. Fails to describe how this diagnostic category fits in with the DSM-5 organization. In addition, it fails to tell us what diagnostic subcategories are included and how they differ. Copy and paste from the manual. 20 PointsAge-Related/Developmental Succinctly and accurately notes if there are age criteria for making this diagnosis and if there are specific developmental considerations in how symptoms may be expressed. Addresses age criteria and developmental considerations without clarity or only with reminders. Minimally address age criteria and developmental considerations. 20 PointsDifferential Diagnosis Lists and briefly describes rule-out diagnoses that should be considered. Acknowledges differential diagnosis. However, it does not support specific features. Fails to address differential diagnosis considerations. 20 PointsDisorders Risk and Prognostic Factors. Describes the research findings regarding the course and outcome of the disorder over time. Uses APA 7th Edition to cite and reference the evidence. Minimally describes research/clinical findings regarding course and outcome. Fails to address research/clinical findings about disorder risk and prognostic factors over time. Total
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DSM-5 Write-Up No. 1
Category: Sleep-Wake Disorders
Disorder: Insomnia
Overview
A predominant complaint of dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality, associated with
difficulty initiating and maintaining the sleep, characterized by frequent awakenings or problems
returning to sleep after awakenings. Patient refers to early-morning awakening with inability to
return to sleep where the sleep disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in
social, occupational, educational, academic, behavioral, or other important areas of functioning.
The sleep difficulty occurs at least 3 nights per week and not attributable to the physiological
effects of a substance. It can be classified as episodic, recurrent, or permanent (Boland, Verdiun,
& Ruiz, 2021).
Age-Related Factors
Population-based estimates vary. About one-third of adults report insomnia symptoms,
10%–15% experience associated daytime impairments, and 4%–22% have symptoms that meet
criteria for insomnia disorder, with an average of about 10%. Insomnia disorder is the most
prevalent of all sleep disorders. Prevalence rates for psychiatric populations are significantly
higher than those in the general population. Insomnia is a more prevalent complaint among
women than among men, with a gender ratio of about 1.3:1 where the gender ratio rises to 1.7:1
after age 45 (APA, 2022).
Differential Diagnosis
The differential diagnosis of insomnia complaints requires a multidimensional approach,
with consideration of coexisting clinical conditions, which are the rule and not the exception.
The diagnosis of insomnia disorder is given whether it occurs as an independent condition or is
comorbid with another mental disorder, medical condition, or another sleep disorder. Insomnia
may develop its own course with some anxiety and depressive features without those features
meeting criteria for any one mental disorder. Insomnia may also manifest as a clinical feature of
a more predominant mental disorder. Rather, the diagnosis of insomnia disorder is made with
concurrent specification of the comorbid conditions. A concurrent insomnia diagnosis should
only be considered when the insomnia is sufficiently severe to warrant independent clinical
attention; otherwise, no separate diagnosis is necessary. Differential diagnosis include:
•
Narcolepsy
•
Obstructive Sleep Hypopnea and Central Sleep Apneas
•
Sleep-Related Hypoventilation
•
Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders
The symptom of insomnia has been identified as an independent risk factor for suicidal thoughts
and behavior (APA, 2022).
Disorder Risks
Persistent insomnia is a risk factor for depression, anxiety disorders, and alcohol use
disorder and is a common residual symptom after treatment for these conditions. When insomnia
is comorbid with a mental disorder, treatment may need to target both conditions. Given these
different courses, it is often impossible to establish the precis nature of the relationship between
these clinical entities, and this relationship may change over time (Boland, Verdiun, & Ruiz,
2021).
Prognostic Factors
The onset of insomnia symptoms can occur at any time during life, but the first episode is
more common in young adulthood. Less frequently, insomnia begins in childhood or
adolescence. In women, the incidence of new-onset insomnia increases with menopause and may
persist even after other symptoms have resolved. Insomnia may have a late-life onset, which is
often associated with the onset of other health-related conditions (APA, 2022). For some
individuals, perhaps those more vulnerable to sleep disturbances, insomnia may persist long after
the initial triggering event, possibly because of conditioning factors and heightened arousal. The
factors that precipitate insomnia may differ from those that perpetuate it.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders:
DSM-5-Tr. APA Publishing.
Boland, R., Verdiun, M., & Ruiz, P. (2021). Kaplan and Sadock’s synopsis of Psychiatry.
Wolters Kluwer Health.
Ariel,
Anxiety disorders are a type of mental health condition. Anxiety makes it difficult to get
through your day. Symptoms include feelings of nervousness, panic and fear as well as sweating
and a rapid heartbeat. Treatments include medications and cognitive behavioral therapy. The
anxiety disorders differ from one another in the types of objects or situations that induce fear,
anxiety, or avoidance behavior, and the associated cognition (Boland, Verdiun, & Ruiz, 2021).
While the anxiety disorders tend to be highly comorbid with each other, they can be
differentiated by close examination of the types of situations that are feared or avoided and the
content of the associated thoughts or beliefs. Anxiety happens when a part of the brain, the
amygdala, senses trouble. When it senses threat, real or imagined, it surges the body with
hormones, including cortisol and adrenaline to make the body strong, fast and powerful.
The key features of generalized anxiety disorder are persistent and excessive anxiety and
worry about various domains, including work and school performance, that the individual finds
difficult to control. In addition, the individual experiences physical symptoms, including
restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge; being easily fatigued; difficulty concentrating or
mind going blank; irritability; muscle tension; and sleep disturbance (USDHHS, 2022).
References
Boland, R., Verdiun, M., & Ruiz, P. (2021). Kaplan and Sadock’s synopsis of Psychiatry.
Wolters Kluwer Health.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2022). Anxiety disorders. National Institute of
Mental Health. Retrieved January 23, 2023, from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/
anxiety-disorders
Jean,
Schizophrenia lasts for at least 6 months and includes at least 1 month of active-phase symptoms.
However, psychotic disorders may be induced by substances, medications, toxins, and other
medical conditions. Other specified and unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic
disorders are included for classifying psychotic presentations that do not meet the criteria for any
of the specific psychotic disorders (USDHHS, 2022).
Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely
disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling. People
with schizophrenia require lifelong treatment. A wide variety of mental disorders and medical
conditions can manifest with psychotic symptoms that must be considered in the differential
diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder (Bhandari, 2022).
Incidence of schizophreniform disorder across sociocultural settings is likely similar to that
observed in schizophrenia. In the United States and other high-income countries, the incidence is
low, possibly fivefold less than that of schizophrenia. In lower-income countries, the incidence
may be higher, especially for the specifier with good prognostic features; in some of these
settings schizophreniform disorder may be as common as schizophrenia.
References
Bhandari, S. (2022). Schizophrenia: Definition, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment.
WebMD. Retrieved January 23, 2023, from https://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/mentalhealth-schizophrenia
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2022). Schizophrenia. National Institute of
Mental Health. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia#
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