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Critical Thinking Assignment: Selecting Sources
Name
Saudi Electronic University
HCM-505
Dr. name
30 September 2023
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Critical Thinking Assignment: Selecting Sources
Mental health is one of the leading healthcare sectors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
due to the government’s commitment to making care services available and accessible to
patients. Mousa et al. (2021) stated that these efforts are characterized by the establishment of
specialized medical facilities and the introduction of policies and programs that support the
provision of infrastructure and human resources to meet the needs of the population. The
distribution of mental health services in the region through the availability of in-patient,
outpatient, and emergency services in the hospital is another indicator of the government’s
commitment to meeting the needs of patients. In this regard, it is expected that an estimated 34%
of the total Saudi population who are diagnosed with at least one mental disorder can access
quality and effective services, including 40% of Saudi youths who suffer from at least one
mental disorder such as disruptive disorders and anxiety disorders (Altwaijri et al.,2023) Also,
the purpose of government’s attention to mental health system is to ensure that the 4% of total
healthcare expenditure on treatment services increase the number of professionals from its
current 19.4 per 100,000 population to the 64.3 per 100,000 population that exist in other highincome countries (Al-Subaie et al., 2020). Therefore, mental health issues in the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia are related to cultural barriers and attitudinal factors that highlight the need for new
policy directions and programs to reduce the prevalence of mental disorders.
The perception and attitudes of Saudis toward the mental health system, disorders, and
practice are mostly negative and responsible for the high level of stigma against patients and
practitioners in the country. As a result of the stigma, the formal help-seeking behavior of the
people is very low as characterized by the 86% of diagnosed patients who did not receive
treatment for 12 months (Alangari et al., 2019). Similarly, Mousa et al. (2020) found that
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patients’ perception of mental health care services in Saudi Arabia is influenced by the cultural
practices that stigmatize people with mental disorders, especially young unmarried women. The
influences of these cultural practices are also responsible for the high rate of biases toward
psychiatric nurses and patients by their non-mental healthcare providers. It implies that the major
issue with the mental health system is the negative attitudinal practices and perception of
hospitals and medical facilities as prisons. While the prevalence of the negative consequences of
untreated mental disorders such as suicide is low among Saudis, the rate is higher among nonSaudi migrant workers (Altaqaq et al., 2021). Therefore, selected sources provide evidence on
the prevalence of mental disorders, the status of the mental health system, and barriers to care
services that should be addressed through government policies and programs.
List of Sources with Rationales for their selection
S/N
1
Study
Reason for selection
Suicide in Saudi Arabia: A review
The authors found that while suicide rates are
low among Saudis, its higher among non-Saudi
migrant workers who are more exposed to severe
workplace stressors that impact their mental
health adversely.
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Lifetime prevalence and treatment of
The authors found that the 2 out 5 young people
mental disorders in Saudi youth and
in Saudi Arabia suffers from a mental disorder
adolescents
and 14.47% of these patients receive treatment
for their lifetime disorder, which indication very
low access or utilization of mental health care
services among this demographic.
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3
Overview of the Saudi National
The survey provides detailed information on the
Mental Health Survey
epidemiology of mental health illnesses in Saudi
Arabia.
4
Barriers to mental health treatment in
The authors found that 86% of patients with
the Saudi National Mental Health
mental disorder did not receive treatment due to
Survey
poor perception of the need for services and
pervasive attitudinal and structural barriers to
access for those who perceived need for care.
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Attitudes and stigma toward seeking
The authors found strong correlations between
psychological help among Saudi
psychological distress and attitude with male
adults
Saudi adults displaying the greatest level of
stigma towards mental health patients.
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Saudi service users’ perceptions and
The authors found that majority of mental health
experiences of the quality of their
patients have negative perceptions of in-patient
mental health care provision in the
mental health services and regard these facilties
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA): A
as prisons, especially when their discharge is
qualitative inquiry
delayed due to various factors.
Perception of mental health care
The authors found poor knowledge of
professionals in Saudi Arabia on
computerized cognitive behavioral therapy
computerized cognitive behavioral
(cCBT) among mental healthcare professionals
therapy: Observational cross-sectional
in Saudi Arabia despite their strong believe in its
study
effectiveness and positive attitude towards
computer-based therapies.
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Interventions to improve the mental
The authors found interventions that are
health or mental well-being of
effectiveness for addressing mental disorders
migrants and ethnic minority groups in among patients with history of exposure to
Europe: A scoping review
stigma, discrimination, inequities, and other
barriers to access and care services/
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The effect of an Islamic-based
The authors found that Islamic intervention were
intervention on depression and anxiety
effective in lowering depression levels in men
in Malaysia.
and anxiety in women, which implies that this
intervention can be replicated in Saudi Arabia.
10
Advancing mental health nursing
The authors found a huge gap in research on the
practice in the Kingdom of
nursing care of psychosis patients in Saudi
Saudi Arabia: Rethinking nursing care
Arabia, which highlight the challenges with
for consumers with
identifying the right modalities or interventions
Psychosis.
for this mental disorder.
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References
Alangari, A. S., Knox, S. S., Kristjansson, A. L., Wen, S., Innes, K. E., Bilal, L., Alhabeeb, A.,
S., A., & Altwaijri, Y. A. (2019). Barriers to mental health treatment in the Saudi National
Mental Health Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public
Health, 17(11), 3877. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113877
AlHadi, A. N., Alammari, K. A., Alsiwat, L. J., Alhaidri, N. E., Alabdulkarim, N. H., Altwaijri,
N. A., & AlSohaili, S. A. (2021). Perception of mental health care professionals in Saudi
Arabia on computerized cognitive behavioral therapy: Observational cross-sectional
study. JMIR Formative Research, 5(5), e26294.
Alluhaibi, B. A., & Awadalla, A. W. (2022). Attitudes and stigma toward seeking psychological
help among Saudi Adults. BMC psychology, 10(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359022-00923-4
Al-Subaie, A. S., Al-Habeeb, A., & Altwaijri, Y. A. (2020). Overview of the Saudi National
Mental Health Survey. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 29(3),
e1835. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1835
Altaqaq, G., Alsamahiji, B., Alabkary, S., Aljishi, S., & Alzaher, W. (2021). Suicide in Saudi
Arabia: A Review. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 5(10),
1805–1809. https://doi.org/10.24911/ijmdc.51-1630444768
Altwaijri, Y., Kazdin, A. E., Hyder, S., Bilal, L., Naseem, M. T., & De Vol, E. (2023). Lifetime
prevalence and treatment of mental disorders in Saudi youth and adolescents. Scientific
Reports, 13(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33005-5
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Alyahya, N. M., Munro, I., & Moss, C. (2021). Advancing mental health nursing practice in the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Rethinking nursing care for consumers with psychosis. Journal
of Nature and Science of Medicine, 4(1), 12-15. DOI: 10.4103/JNSM.JNSM_35_20
Alyousef, S. M., & Alhamidi, S. A. (2023). Nurse views of obstacles encountered by nurses in
Saudi Arabia during the provision of psychiatric care. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 44,
8-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2023.03.005
Apers, H., Van Praag, L., Nöstlinger, C., & Agyemang, C. (2023). Interventions to improve the
mental health or mental well-being of migrants and ethnic minority groups in Europe: A
scoping review. Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health, 10, e23. 1–25
https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2023.15
Mousa, Y. A., Callaghan, P., Michail, M., & Caswell, G. (2021). Saudi service users’
perceptions and experiences of the quality of their mental health care provision in the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA): A qualitative inquiry. International Journal of Mental
Health Nursing, 30(1), 300-316. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12784
Saged, A. A. G., Sa’ari, C. Z., Abdullah, M. B., Al-Rahmi, W. M., Ismail, W. M., Zain, M. I. A.,
& alShehri, N. B. A. B. M. (2022). The effect of an Islamic-based intervention on
depression and anxiety in Malaysia. Journal of Religion and Health, 61(1), 79-92.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01484-3
Sample Annotated Bibliography Entries
The following example uses APA style (Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association, 7th edition, 2019) for the journal citation:
Waite, L., Goldschneider, F., & Witsberger, C. (1986). Nonfamily living and the
erosion of traditional family orientations among young adults. American
Sociological Review, 51(4), 541-554.
The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown University, use
data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young
Men to test their hypothesis that nonfamily living by young adults alters their
attitudes, values, plans, and expectations, moving them away from their belief
in traditional sex roles. They found their hypothesis strongly supported in
young females, while the effects were fewer in studies of young males.
Increasing the time away from parents before marrying increased
individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about families. In
contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited below shows no significant gender
differences in sex role attitudes as a result of nonfamily living.
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