Description
This is a two parts assignment.
Part 1: Discussion 2
This discussion is related with the part 2 of this assignment. Please read carefully the instructions. I will need discussion with 250 to 300 words and 1 reference. I will not need peer responses for this discussion.
With the rough draft of your nursing comparison paper due this week, a focused review of the basics of APA Style is important. After you have reviewed the WCU Library guides on APA, share something you learned with your peers. Also, attach examples from your rough draft that include both an in-text citation you used when you were paraphrasing and one you used when you were directly quoting. In addition, attach the reference page from your rough draft so that you can review each other’s work and provide peer-to-peer feedback.
Instructions: The second Discussion is related to APA format and asks you to submit some examples of APA format. You can have until Sunday night to submit your initial post since you are still working on your paper and may use examples from it. You do NOT need to respond to your peers on this discussion, its more of a practice on APA.
Some things to remember:
Every paper must have HEADINGS for each section, I usually give them to you in the Announcement for the paper.
We no longer write Running Head on the Cover page!
The entire document is double spaced, even between sections (before and after headings)
Alphabetize all the names in your Reference page list
Every time you quote someone, you must have a citation that includes the Authors Last name, year, and page number!
Learning some of these simple rules early on will help you with every paper in your future!
Part 2: Week 5 Nursing Theory Comparison Paper Rough Draft. (Attached is a sample paper)
Remember, the two theories selected are the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory by Dorothea Orem and Kolcaba’s Theory of Comfort by Katherine Kolcaba (Paper attached).
The purpose of this assignment is to draft and submit a comprehensive and complete rough draft of your Nursing Theory Comparison paper in APA style. Your rough draft should include all of the research paper elements of a final draft, which are listed below. This will give you an opportunity for feedback from your instructor before you submit your final draft during week 7.
Based on the reading assignment (McEwen & Wills, Theoretical Basis for Nursing, Unit II: Nursing Theories, chapters 6–9), select a grand nursing theory.
After studying and analyzing the approved theory, write about this theory, including an overview of the theory and specific examples of how it could be applied in your own clinical setting.
Based on the reading assignment (McEwen & Wills, Theoretical Basis for Nursing, Unit II: Nursing Theories, chapters 10 and 11), select a middle-range theory.
After studying and analyzing the approved theory, write about this theory, including an overview of the theory and specific examples of how it could be applied in your own clinical setting.
The following should be included:
An introduction, including an overview of both selected nursing theories
Background of the theories
Philosophical underpinnings of the theories
Major assumptions, concepts, and relationships
Clinical applications/usefulness/value to extending nursing science testability
Comparison of the use of both theories in nursing practice
Specific examples of how both theories could be applied in your specific clinical setting
Parsimony
Conclusion/summary
References: Use the course text and a minimum of three additional sources, listed in APA style
The paper should be 8–10 pages long and based on instructor-approved theories. It should be typed in Times New Roman with 12-point font, and double-spaced with 1″ margins. APA style must be used, including a properly formatted cover page, in-text citations, and a reference list. The proper use of headings in APA style is also required.
Please use these bold headings to organize your paper. You are simply comparing the two theories back and forth.
In your reading, you will find a thorough description of each component below and fully describes what you need to research about your chosen theories to fill in the section.
Introduction
Overview of your chosen grand theory
Overview of your chosen middle range theory
You will have a separate paragraph in each section, one for your grand range theory and one for your middle range theory.
Background of the theories
(Grand theory chosen)-
(Middle range theory chosen) –
Philosophical Underpinnings
(Grand theory chosen)-
(Middle range theory chosen) –
Major assumptions, concepts, and relationships
(Grand theory -)
(Middle range theory -)
Clinical applications
(Hint: usefulness/value to extending nursing science testability)
(Grand theory-)
(Middle range theory -)
Application to nursing practice
(Hint: Comparison of how to use of your theories in nursing practice)
(Grand theory-)
(Middle range theory -)
Application to my practice
(Hint: Specific examples of how both theories could be applied in your specific clinical setting)
Grand theory-
Middle range theory –
Parsimony
(Hint: how simple or complex are the theories?
Grand theory-
Middle range theory
Conclusion
Every formal paper must have a formulated conclusion!
Four References: Course text and a minimum of three additional sources.
The paper should be 8–10 pages long- not including your Cover and Reference pages.
Times New Roman,12-point font, and double-spaced with 1″ margins.
APA format (7th ed.) a properly formatted cover page and reference list. See the link below for 7th edition APA updates!
IMPORTANT: Even though this is titled a rough draft- it means you will complete the entire paper- not just sections or outlines of the content. A completed paper- the more work you put into now, the better grade you will receive on the rough draft and you will have very little work to do on it when you submit your final paper in week 7.
Rubric
NURS_500_DE – Theory Comparison Paper Rubric
Criteria Ratings Pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeContent
90 to >73.8 pts
Meets Expectations
Content is clear, thorough, and organized effectively. Main points well supported. All specific portions of the assignment have been addressed. Meets all the criteria of the written assignment
73.8 to >67.5 pts
Approaches Expectations
Content is somewhat clear, thorough, and organized effectively. Most of the specific portions of the assignment have been addressed. Some points well supported. Meets most of the criteria of the written assignment
67.5 to >53.1 pts
Falls Below Expectations
Content is generally unclear, not thorough, and organized ineffectively. Some of the specific portions of the assignment have been addressed. Main points not well supported. Meets only a few of the criteria of the written assignment
53.1 to >0 pts
Does Not Meet Expectations
Content is generally unclear, not thorough, and organized ineffectively. Some of the specific portions of the assignment have been addressed. Main points not well supported. Meets only a few of the criteria of the written assignment
90 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeWriting Style
15 to >12.3 pts
Meets Expectations
Writing is professional with no spelling or grammatical errors and has been carefully proofread. Captures and maintains reader’s interest
12.3 to >11.25 pts
Approaches Expectations
Writing follows normal conventions and has minor spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors throughout. Efforts made to capture and maintain reader’s interest
11.25 to >8.85 pts
Falls Below Expectations
Writing does not consistently follow appropriate style of format with frequent spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors. Do not capture or maintain reader’s interest
8.85 to >0 pts
Does Not Meet Expectations
Writing does not consistently follow appropriate style of format with frequent spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors. Do not capture or maintain reader’s interest
15 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeClarity & Coherence
22.5 to >18.45 pts
Meets Expectations
Writing flows smoothly from one idea to another. Writer has taken pains to assist the reader in following the logic of the ideas expressed
18.45 to >16.88 pts
Approaches Expectations
Sentences are mostly structured to communicate ideas clearly. Transitions between paragraphs make the writer’s points easy to follow
16.88 to >13.27 pts
Falls Below Expectations
Sentence structure and word choice sometimes interferes with clarity of content and distracts the reader
13.27 to >0 pts
Does Not Meet Expectations
Poor sentence structure, sentences do not make sense to the reader, no clarity evident in the paper
22.5 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeReferences
7.5 to >6.15 pts
Meets Expectations
References included throughout paper in APA format
6.15 to >5.63 pts
Approaches Expectations
References included throughout paper but not all are in APA format
5.63 to >4.43 pts
Falls Below Expectations
References included but unclear which references are direct quotes and which are paraphrased
4.43 to >0 pts
Does Not Meet Expectations
No references included in the body of the paper and writing indicates none were used
7.5 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeCover page & Reference Page
7.5 to >5.93 pts
Meets Expectations
Cover page and reference page are in APA format with appropriate number of references included
5.93 to >5.63 pts
Approaches Expectations
Cover page and reference page are in APA format with some references included
5.63 to >4.43 pts
Falls Below Expectations
Cover page and reference age are mostly in APA format with few references included
4.43 to >0 pts
Does Not Meet Expectations
Cover page and reference page are not in APA format or no cover or reference page included
7.5 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomePresentation
7.5 to >5.93 pts
Meets Expectations
Paper is presented professionally, word –processed, double spaced, 12 point font, 1” margins on all sides
5.93 to >5.63 pts
Approaches Expectations
Paper is word- processed but contains only minimal errors in spacing, font or margins
5.63 to >4.43 pts
Falls Below Expectations
Paper is word-processed but does not appear professional with errors in two areas of spacing, font or margins
4.43 to >0 pts
Does Not Meet Expectations
Paper is word-processed but does not appear professional with errors in all area of spacing, font or margins, or it is hand-written
7.5 pts
Total Points: 150
Unformatted Attachment Preview
The two theories selected are the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory by Dorothea Orem
and Kolcaba’s Theory of Comfort by Katherine Kolcaba. I have selected these two theories for
the following reasons.
Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT): A Grand Nursing Theory
This is one of the Grand Nursing Theories based on human needs and was developed
by Dorothea Orem (McEwan & Wills, 2021). This theory focuses on helping patients by
providing and managing self-care to ensure they improve their functioning. Thus, it focuses on
patients’ ability to perform self-care by maintaining their well-being, health, and life. SCDNT is
driven by critical concepts such as self-care, self-care requisites, universal self-care requisites,
and the nursing system (McEwan & Wills, 2021). The reasons for selecting this theory are based
on its strengths and applicability or usefulness in the nursing practice. First, SCDNT is highly
applicable in nursing practice by advanced clinicians and new practitioners to provide self-care
to patients. I also selected this theory because it offers a comprehensive basis in clinical settings
due to its utility by nurse professionals, primarily in critical areas such as administration, nursing
education, and nursing practice (McEwan & Wills, 2021). I selected this theory because it uses
critical concepts such as self-care deficit, nursing systems, and self-care (McEwan & Wills,
2021). These concepts are applied by nurses in clinical settings and nurse students to gain more
experience, skills, and knowledge to empower patients in improving self-care. Thus, this theory
is highly relevant in health maintenance and health promotion. Based on that, Orem’s Self-Care
Deficit Nursing Theory applies to a wide variety of patients. It provides advanced education and
skills to nurses once they integrate vital terms such as nursing systems, self-care deficit, and selfcare (McEwan & Wills, 2021). It also demonstrates that all patients desire to care for themselves
to improve their health outcomes by performing their self-care. In this regard, I selected this
theory to understand how it can be utilized in various clinical settings such as primary care and
rehabilitation, where patients desire to improve health outcomes independently.
Kolcaba’s Theory of Comfort: A Middle Range Theory
This middle-range theory was founded by Katherine Kolcaba (McEwan & Wills, 2021). I
selected this theory to understand how its prepositions are used in nursing practice. This theory
considers comfort a fundamental need that ensures patients experience transcendence, ease, and
relief related to health problems that may result in stress. Thus, the comfort experienced by
patients can influence them to improve their health-seeking behaviours to improve their safety
and health outcomes (McEwan & Wills, 2021). I also selected this theory to understand how it
offers a framework to help healthcare providers apply an organizational approach for reengagement and rejuvenation. Therefore, it is applicable in clinical practice because healthcare
providers are comfortable in the working environment, thus motivating them to deliver highquality care to patients and their families. The use of the Theory of Comfort in clinical practice is
essential because nurses and interdisciplinary care teams can identify the comfort needs of their
patients, thus creating a framework to design and coordinate interventions suitable for addressing
comfort needs (McEwan & Wills, 2021). Lastly, I selected this theory because it helps improve
healthcare policies and embrace evidence-based practices that bring satisfaction to nurses,
patients, and families.
Reference
McEwan, M., & Wills, E. M. (2021). Theoretical basis for nursing. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins.
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Grand and Middle Range Theory Review
Student Name
West Coast University
NURS 500; Theoretical Foundations of Nursing
Dr. Kendrick
Date
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The purpose of this paper is to review two selected nursing theorist one grand and one
middle range theory. Throughout this paper the grand theory of Florence Nightingale’s
environmental theory and the middle range theory of Kristen Swanson’s theory of caring will be
discussed, reviewed, and compared.
Florence Nightingale’s environmental theory has five important elements, pure water,
pure air, efficient drainage, light and cleanliness. Thus, producing a healthy atmosphere crucial
for healing (Zborowsky, 2014). Her theory in considered a grand theory because it has a broad
scope. It presents general concepts that are good for directing, explaining, and predicting nursing
situations (McEwen & Wills, 2017). The grand theories are relevant to all areas of nursing yet
may not be beneficial to detailed research questions because of its broad scope.
Kristen Swanson’s theory of caring is a middle range theory with five caring processes,
knowing, being, doing, enabling, and maintaining belief (Jarvis, 2019). This theory supports
nursing care as a process that develops from the nurses’ beliefs, knowledge, and relationship with
the patient. This is a middle range theory that is narrower in scope than grand range theories and
assist in guiding nursing practice and research (McEwen & Wills, 2017). Middle range theories
are therefore more straight forward and limited to an area of practice. Swanson’s theory
originated around pregnancy issues.
Background
According to Zborowsky (2014). Florence Nightingale was born on May 12, 1820 in
Florence Italy. She was born into an affluent family however never felt comfortable with
socializing. She had a classical education and early on was interested in ministering to the poor
and ill. She felt nursing was her purpose and calling. Her parents were not supportive of her
desire to pursue nursing training. In 1851, she received her educational and clinical training in
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Germany. In 1854 she served as a nurse in the Crimean war, then went to London. There she was
awarded money from the British government. She took that money and started a school for
nurses in 1860. Her goal was to teach what was needed to be done and how to do it. She also
taught about symptoms of diseases and what they meant. In 1859, her famous book, Notes on
Nursing, was published she distinguished nursing separate from medical knowledge and taught
on the purpose of nursing duties (McEwen & Wills, 2017). She improved statistics analysis with
her observations and aided the military hospitals in efficient restructuring of services. She died
August 13, 1910 spending her life preventing disease and providing safe and compassionate care
to the impoverished and suffering. Florence Nightingale has been seen as the originator of
nursing theory and certainly one of the most prominent nurses throughout history (Zborowsky,
2014).
Kristen Swanson was born January 13th, 1953 and received her baccalaureate degree in
1975 from the University of Rohde Island. In 1978 she received her master’s degree in nursing
from the University of Pennsylvania and then her Ph.D. from the University of Colorado
(Swanson, 1991). According to Amendolair (2012), her doctoral dissertation was focused on
caring for patients having a miscarriage (spontaneous abortion). She was influenced by Dr. Jean
Watson’s grand theory of Human Caring Theory developed in 1970. Then in 1991 Swanson
developed her theory encompassing the five processes of caring. She was also interested in
socially at-risk mothers. Currently she is the Dean and Professor at the Seattle University
College of Nursing and is on the board of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing
(AACN). Her theories help patients deal with miscarriages and cover helpful counseling, her
theories encompass physical and emotional healing. She is also an alumnus of the Robert Wood
Johnson Executive Nurse Fellows Program, this is a progressive leadership resource for nurses in
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upper level administrative roles who purpose to lead changes in the United States healthcare
system (Swanson, 1991).
Philosophical Underpinnings
According to McEwen & Wills (2017) Florence Nightingale theory is thought to be a
wide-range viewpoint yet her work is a foundational philosophy. Her fundamental principle was
healing and consequent to it are the principles of leadership and worldwide action. Together
these principles are needed to provide healing. The environmental theory has inspired the nursing
profession and education for over 150 years. Nightingale did not think that nurses were meant to
be submissive to doctors. She saw nursing as an individual vocation all its own.
Florence Nightingale’s educational model teaches nurses to be aware of patients’ needs, meet
patients’ needs and know how to carry out the professional actions of a nurse. Nightingale’s
philosophy came about over years of providing nursing care and study. It is an intellectual and
factual philosophy and is categorized as a grand theory.
The philosophical underpinnings and contributions of Swanson’s theory of caring can
also be reviewed by the four concepts of the nursing metaparadigm, person, health, environment,
and nursing (Jarvis, 2019). The person being the most essential part of Swanson’s theory this
emphasis on the caring process as the philosophical underpinnings. The viewpoint of Swanson’s
theory is that nurses are educated through scientific information and learning through clinical
practice, humanities and cultural values (Peterson & Bredow, 2019). Each person is unique and
made up of their own feelings, ideas and behaviors. The nurse not only addresses the patient but
family and society. The environment should be therapeutic for the patient. The concept of caring
especially in the instance this theory was derived, is clearly powerful and beneficial to the
wellbeing of the patient both physically and emotionally.
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Major Assumptions, Concepts, and Relationships
Florence nightingale’s theory has the straightforward and understandable ideas of health
and wellness. She also defines it as “the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist
him in his recovery” (Nightingale, 1992, p.41). Therefore, the environment is an external factor
that can affect the patient’s health. The five environmental factors are the foundation of the
theory. The nurse is accountable to adapt and assess the environmental setting so that it will
improve the patient’s health. The concepts of Nightingales’ theory are fresh air, pure water,
effective drainage, cleanliness, and light (Zborowsky, 2014). According to Selanders & Crane
(2012) the concepts can be branched out into heading that expand on the five environmental
factors. First the health of the house, construction should ensure air is not stagnant. Next
ventilation and warming, supplying fresh air without odors. Then the need for direct sunlight and
a quiet environment, never waking a patient intentionally. Variety is expanded upon as
Nightingale would rotate paintings, provide activities, and read and write with the patient so they
were not bored. The bed and sheets were to be in the sun light and the bed not to be shaken or sat
on. Personal cleanliness is encouraged as the nurse is to wash her hands often. Nutrition was
encouraged in small frequent feedings and the nurse was not to distract them when they were
eating. Socially is was encouraged to support the patient and talk with them. Nightingale wrote
over 150 books and reports on healthcare topics and she is credited with producing one of the
first forms of the pie chart. Hospitals are cleaner because of Nightingales early work and
education of nurses, making them a safer place to be.
Swanson’s theory of caring is based on her research and practice. According to
Amendolair (2012) Swanson classified five activities that nurses used to improve patient care
and meet their needs. These practices include knowing, being with, doing for, enabling, and
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maintaining belief. To improve nursing care and foster the patients’ health both physically and
emotionally, the nurse incorporates these five activities and makes a personal, patient centered
plan of care. In doing this the nurse also expresses dignity and importance of the patient.
Swanson focused on pregnancy issues in her theories and reports that nurses are natural
caregivers. Her theories have been used in obstetric education. The caring theory’s first
component of caring is knowing, here the nurse avoids assumptions, does a detailed assessment
and looks for cues. Being with, denotes enduring with the patient, sharing, but not burdening the
patient. Doing for, is comforting, protecting, anticipating needs, and preserving the patient’s
dignity. Enabling or informing, would be validating the patient’s feelings, advocating, explaining
and giving back. In maintaining belief, the nurse would offer realistic hopefulness, believing in
the patient and helping the patient to find meaning. In practice the nurse should utilize all five
caring process steps. Swanson is still practicing and publishing today using her theories to
improve healthcare and nursing.
Clinical Applications
The clinical applications of Florence Nightingales’ environmental theory put the
responsibility of the patient on the nurse’s assessment skills and ingenuity. Even though the nurse
can be busy and have many sick patients it is their responsibility to prevent bedsores, report and
treat a fever, make sure the patient is nourished and warm and monitor their vital signs, lab
results and environment for safety. The nurse should identify and reduce patient distress. She
called nursing an art not a science and detailed many nursing tasks are still pertinent today
(McEwen & Wills, 2017). Research today has reinforced her ideas on noise in the patient care
area and environmental cleanliness and safety (McEwen & Wills, 2017). Therefore, today the
clinical application of Nightingales theory stands true in healthcare and has stood the test of time.
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Swanson theory of caring includes physical and emotional care for women who have
miscarried, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) caregivers, and mothers considered socially at
risk (Jarvis, 2019). According to Kavanaugh, Moro, Savage, and Mehendale (2006) her clinical
applications are relevant not only within those specific care settings but also in other delicate
topics that involve vulnerable patients. This includes parents who had suffered the death of their
infant or were engaged in making a life support decision because of possibly giving birth to a
very premature infant less than 26 weeks gestation. In this study the caring characteristics and
the trusting relationship that was formed by following Swanson’s caring theory produced a more
productive and positive outcome perceived by the patient. Therefore, the clinical applications of
Swanson’s caring theory are relevant and remain useful in clinical practice.
Application to Nursing Practice
An example of how Florence Nightingale’s theory is used today in nursing practice
would include advocacy. Nursing is a complex profession and although Nightingale did not
address specifically nurse advocacy, all her theories support this idea. In her publications she was
a voice advocating for equal human rights, involving religion, sex, status, and the right to a
peaceful death (Selanders & Crane, 2012). In this way Nightingale was ahead of her time and
remains relevant today. In her environmental theories a good example of an application today
could be seen in home health evaluations and care. Nurses are trained to look for unhealthy and
unsafe living conditions, identify them and improve them. This would be the approach set forth
in Nightingale’s theory.
In Swanson’s theory of caring the successful use of the five caring processes, knowing,
being, doing, enabling, and maintaining belief would help a family cope after a miscarriage
(Jarvis, 2019). The first thing a nurse would do is to give compassion, provide time and space for
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the family and be a good listener when they talk. Form a patient nurse relationship, touch her
hand, and let her know how sorry you are for their loss. Assist the patient and encourage them to
do what they normally do for themselves and provide privacy. Placing a rose or a sign on the
door that fetal demise has happened to alert staff to be respectful and sympathetic. Provide a
journal for the family to write down their feelings, information on the healing process, and
support groups. Lastly provide closure by offering the family to hold the baby. Step by step
going through the process will provide support for the family and will help the grieving patient
move on.
Application to My Practice
In my nursing practice Nightingale’s theory is very relevant. Working with the elderly I
encourage sunlight and walks outside on sunny days. I urge patients to eat healthy and offer
healthy snacks. I am assessing the situation and environment to improve the comfort of the
patient and safety of the environment to prevent injuries. The room must be kept clean and
orderly, and patients have the option to request a quiet room at night, and not be disturbed.
Patients are also engaged during the day with activities and religious services. This theory
provides patients with a happy and healthy living environment.
Swanson’s theory of caring in my practice is useful although I could only find one
reference to this theory in the elderly. I know I have used the process with grieving patients or
patients that have received a poor prognosis. According to Yin-Tzu, Sin-Rong, and Chi-Yin
(2019) utilizing the five steps in an elderly patient with vasculitis, unable to walk and delayed
discharge from the hospital provided the patient with hope and positive beliefs about the future.
When disease and lack of mobility in the elderly cause a feeling of hopelessness, working
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through the five steps of caring is a way to form a trusting and caring relationship with a patient
and provide emotional support.
Parsimony
Nightingale concisely stated how important the environmental theory was to care for sick
patients. She has condensed her thoughts into small volumes and included information about
nursing treatment, patient needs, good structures where the patients can be treated, and the
management of hospitals (McEwen & Wills, 2017).
Understand parsimony is to observe that the description with the least number of steps is
often the strongest. Swanson’s theory can be simplified into two steps, see figure 1. The five
steps of her theory can be condensed to maintain the parsimony of her idea: nursing philosophies
and experience nursing will produce acts of caring and in the end, patient wellbeing (Swanson,
1993).
Conclusion
This review and assessment have been an opportunity for me to understand and be
grateful to the nurse theorist who have made such a vast contribution to the nursing profession
and healthcare industry. Nightingale theory is developed around simple and familiar concepts
that are easy to utilize and practice. Today healthcare has so many amazing advancements and
technology, yet if Nightingale’s basic principles are followed disease will be prevented.
Likewise, Swanson’s theory has a simplicity of caring that is clearly healing when a patient is
hurting physically and emotionally. The caring theory of being emotionally present for the
patient, respecting the patient’s dignity, maintaining a knowledgeable practice, being objective
and meeting the needs of the patient as a unique person, gives patients the ability to express
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themselves and improve their wellbeing. This piece has encouraged me to further understand
nursing theory and improve my nursing care and make it more of an art.
References
Amendolair, D. (2012). Caring Model: Putting research into practice. International Journal of
Human Caring, 16(4), 14-21. DOI:10.20467/1091-5710.16.4.14
Jarrin, O. F. (2007). An integral philosophy and definition of nursing. School of Nursing
Scholarly Works. 47. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/son_articles/47
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Jarvis, K. (2019). Swanson’s theory of caring: An application to the role of nursing
Education. International Journal for Human Caring, 23(3), 266-271. DOI:
10.20467/1091-5710.23.3.266
Kavanaugh, K., Moro, T. T., Savage, T., & Mehendale, R. (2006). Enacting a theory of caring to
recruit and retain vulnerable participants for sensitive research. Research in Nursing &
Health, 29(3), 244-252. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16676343/
McEwen, M., & Wills, E. M. (2017). Theoretical basis for nursing. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins.
Nightingale, F. (1992). Notes on nursing: What it is, and what it is not. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins.
Peterson, S., & Bredow, T. S. (2019). Middle range theories: Application to nursing research and
practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Selanders, L., & Crane, P. (2012). The voice of Florence Nightingale on advocacy. The Online
Journal of Issues in Nursing, 17(1). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22320877/
Swanson, K. M. (1991). Empirical development of a middle range theory of caring. Nursing
Research, 40(3), 161-166. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2030995/
Wojnar, D. M., & Swanson, K. M. (2007). Phenomenology: An exploration. Journal of Holistic
Nursing, 25(3), 172-180. DOI:10.1177/0898010106295172
Yin-Tzu Chen, Sin-Rong Lin & Chi-Yin Kao. (2019). Applying Swanson’s theory of caring to
manage powerlessness in an older patient with vasculitis. Journal of Nursing, 66(3), 112–
119. DOI: 10.6224/JN.201906
Zborowsky, T. (2014). The legacy of Florence Nightingale’s environmental theory: Nursing
research focusing on the impact of healthcare environments. HERD: Health
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Environments Research & Design Journal, 7(4), 19-34.
https://doi.org/10.1177/193758671400700404
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Swanson’s Theory of Caring
Figure 1. The Structure of Caring displayed in its original format from Swanson (1993) “Nursing
as Informed Caring for the Well-Being of Others”, (p.355).
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