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the attached file has a powerpoint presentation. I want a presentation similar to this covering all the objectives mentioned in the beginning. the powerpoint must be done in professional way. the content to be explained to the audience I want it in a word document.
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MSN 60625
Organizational and Systems Leadership in Healthcare
Critical Thinking, Problem
Solving, and Decision
Making
Prepared by:
Sakna Habobi 223002424
Shaimaa Al-Sanona 223002556
Areej Al-Rawiliy 223000069
Zahra Albagshi 223000551
Learning Objectives
Following the lecture, students will be able to:
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Defining the relevant terms
Identify the skills of critical thinking
Identify the levels of critical thinking in nursing and discuss the importance
of critical thinking
Find out what are the characteristics of a critical thinker and how to
improve it
Identify and discuss the traditional problem-solving process
Identify the 4 problem solving stages
Identify the barriers to problem-solving and discuss the reasons behind
them
Discuss the 7 steps of the decision-making
Identify the managerial decision-making models
Compare the decision-making process with the nursing process
Identify the different types of decision-making models
Discuss the style of decision making
Identify the critical elements of decision-making
What Is
Thinking?
Thinking is the way that the
mind makes sense of the
world
Types of Thinking
Critical Thinking
CRITICAL THINKING IS DEFINED AS THE MENTAL PROCESS OF
ACTIVELY AND SKILLFULLY PERCEPTION, ANALYSIS, SYNTHESIS
AND EVALUATION OF COLLECTED INFORMATION THROUGH
OBSERVATION, EXPERIENCE AND COMMUNICATION THAT
LEADS TO A DECISION FOR ACTION.
CRITICAL THINKING IS A MULTIFACETED AND
COMPLEX CONCEPT “BASED ON REASON
AND REFLECTION, KNOWLEDGE, AND
INSTINCT DERIVED FROM EXPERIENCE.”
(CATALANO, 2000)
CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS
1- Observation :The ability to notice and predict
opportunities, problems and solutions.
2- Analysis: The gathering, understanding and
interpreting of data and other information
3- Inference: Drawing conclusions based on
relevant data, information and personal
knowledge and experience.
4- Communication: Sharing and receiving
information with others verbally, nonverbally
and in writing.
.
5- Problem solving :The process of gathering,
analysing and communicating information to
identify and Troubleshoot solutions.
Levels of Critical
Thinking in Nursing
• Basic Critical Thinking
At the basic level of critical thinking
a learner trusts that experts have
the right answers for every problem.
Thinking is concrete and based on a
set of rules or principles
• Complex Critical Thinking
Complex critical thinkers begin to separate
themselves from experts. They analyze and
examine choices more independently. The
person’s thinking abilities and initiative to
look beyond expert opinion begin to change.
A nurse learns that alternative and perhaps
conflicting solutions exist.
• Commitment
The third level of critical thinking is
commitment (Kataoka-Yahiro and Saylor,
1994). At this level a person anticipates
when to make choices without assistance
from others and accepts accountability for
decisions made
What Is The
Characteristics
Of Critical
Thinker?
Characteristics Of
Critical Thinker
Improving
Critical
Thinking
Remember
“No action is performed without critical thinking.”
(Rubenfeld & scheffer, 1999)
How to critically think (in nursing)
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Problem Solving
• “Most people spend more
time and energy going
around problems than in
trying to solve them.”
• Henry Ford
PROBLEM SOLVING
Problem solving is part of decision
making and is a systematic process
that focuses on analyzing a difficult
situation.
• Problem solving always includes a
decision-making step.
Traditional ProblemSolving Process
One of the most well-known and
widely used problem-solving models.
The 4 Stages for
Problem Solving
1. Understanding the challenge
2. Brainstorming
3. Picking the best strategy
4. Deploying the solution
You Can’t Solve a Problem
Using the Same Kind of
Thinking That Created It
In any moment of decision,
the best thing you can do is
the right thing, the next best
thing is the wrong thing, and
the worst thing you can do is
nothing.
Theodore Roosevelt
Do not put a band aid – Solve
the root of the problem
Barriers to Problem Solving
A problem-solving barrier is
something that stops people finding
a successful solution to a problem.
These barriers are often caused by
cognitive blocks – how we think and
feel – as well as by practical social
and physical blocks.
CAUSE BARRIERS TO PROBLEM SOLVING
What Causes These Barriers?
• Decision making can be learned
through life experience, not
everyone learns to solve
problems and judge wisely by this
trial-and-error method because
much is left to chance. Some
educators feel that people are not
successful in problem solving and
decision making because
individuals are not taught how to
reason insightfully from multiple
perspectives.
Step 1: Identify the decision that needs to be made
The 7 steps of the
decision-making
process
• When you’re identifying the decision, ask yourself a few questions:
• What is the problem that needs to be solved?
• What is the goal you plan to achieve by implementing this decision?
• How will you measure success?
These questions are all common goal setting techniques that will ultimately help
you come up with possible solutions. When the problem is clearly defined, you
then have more information to come up with the best decision to solve the
problem
Step 2: Gather relevant information
Gathering information related to the
decision being made is an important step
to making an informed decision. Effective
decision making requires information from
many different sources.
Step 3: Identify alternative solutions
This step requires you to look for many
different solutions for the problem at
hand. When you have collected relevant
information, the next step is searching for
probable solutions to the problems
discovered. There is usually more than one
solution available. This step involves listing
down all the probable solutions for further
consideration.
Step 4: Weigh
the evidence
In this step, according to management experts Phil Higson and Anthony
Sturgess, you’ll need to “evaluate for feasibility, acceptability and
desirability” to know which alternative is best. Managers need to be able
to weigh the pros and cons, then select the option that has the highest
chance of success
There are a few common ways you can analyze and weigh the evidence of
options:
• Pros and cons list
• SWOT analysis
• Decision matrix
Step 5: Choose among
the alternatives
• The next step is to make your final decision. Consider
all of the information you’ve collected and how this
decision may affect each stakeholder.
• Sometimes the right decision is not one of the
alternatives, but a blend of a few different alternatives.
Effective decision-making involves creative problem
solving and thinking out of the box.
Step 6: Take action
• Once the final decision maker
gives the green light, it’s time to
put the solution into action. Take
the time to create
an implementation plan . Then it’s
time to put your plan into action
and monitor progress to determine
whether or not this decision was a
good one.
Step 7: Review
your decision and
its impact (both
good and bad)
• Once you’ve made a decision, you can monitor
the success metrics you outlined in step 1. This is how
you determine whether or not this solution meets
your criteria of success.
• An often-overlooked but important step in the
decision making process is evaluating your decision
for effectiveness. Ask yourself what you did well and
what can be improved next time.
Managerial
Decision-Making
Models
Managerial Decision-Making Models To address the
weaknesses of the traditional problem-solving process, many
contemporary models for management decision making have
added an objective-setting step. These models are known as
managerial decision-making models or rational decisionmaking models.
In the first step
• A problem solvers must identify the
decision to be made, who needs to be
involved in the decision process, the
timeline for the decision, and the goals or
outcomes that should be achieved.
Identifying objectives to guide the
decision making helps the problem solver
determine which criteria should be
weighted most heavily in making their
decision. Most important decisions require
this careful consideration of context.
In step 2
Problem solvers must
attempt to identify as
many alternatives as
possible. Alternatives
are then analyzed
In step 3
Often using some type of SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities,
and threats) analysis. Decision makers may choose to apply quantitative
decision-making tools, such as decision-making grids and payoff tables
to objectively review the desirability of alternatives
The Nursing Process
• The nursing process, developed by Ida Jean
Orlando in the late 1950s, provides another
theoretical system for solving problems and making
decisions.
Although the process was designed for nursing practice with regard to patient care
and nursing accountability, it can easily be adapted as a theoretical model for
solving leadership and management problems.
Types Of Decision
Making Models
• Rational decision making models
This type of decision making model is
the most common type that you’ll
see. It’s logical and sequential.
When your decision has a big impact
on your team and you need to
maximize outcomes, this is the type
of decision making process you
should use. It requires you to
consider a wide range of viewpoints
with little bias so you can make the
best decision possible.
Intuitive decision
making models
• This type of decision making model is
dictated not by information or data, but by
gut instincts. This form of decision making
requires previous experience and pattern
recognition to form strong instincts.
• There are theorists who suggest that
intuition should always be used as an
adjunct to empirical or rational decisionmaking models. Experienced (expert) nurses
often report that gut-level feelings
(intuition) encourage them to take
appropriate strategic action that impacts
patient outcomes (Payne, 2015), although
intuition generally serves as an adjunct to
decision making founded on a nurse’s
scientific knowledge base
Creative decision making model
The creative decision making model involves
collecting information and insights about a problem
and coming up with potential ideas for a solution,
similar to the rational decision making model.
4 .Decision
Making Styles
1- Authoritative
what decision style is it when: the
leader makes all the decisions without
seeking assistance? May be seen in
emergencies
2-consultative
what decision style is it when: the
leader seeks input and involves
employees before making the decision
yet makes the final decision alone
4 .Decision
Making Styles
3- Joint Decision Making
what decision style is it when: leader and
followers work together to reach a shared
decision. Employees have as much
influence as the leader and everyone has
one vote including the leader
4- Delegative
what decision style is it when: only the
group is involved in the decision, the
leader gives up control over the decision?
May be seen with lunches or floating, and
good for conflict resolution
Critical Elements in Decision Making
1
2
3
4
5
6
Define
objectives
clearly.
Gather data
carefully.
Take the
time
necessary.
Generate
many
alternatives
Think
logically.
Choose and
act
decisively.
SHARED DECISION MAKING
The inclusion of staff nurses in decision making related to
patient care and work methods at the unit and organizational
levels.
Requires nurse leaders and managers to involve staff nurses
in decisions about hiring, scheduling, and performance
evaluations (appraisals), as well as include them in general
unit discussions (Graham-Dickerson et al., 2013).
Nurses engaged in shared decision making are empowered to
provide effective, efficient, safe, and compassionate quality
care and have opportunities for ongoing professional growth
& development (ANA, 2015b).
is a positive factor in job satisfaction and nurse recruitment
and retention
Summary with Problem Solving & Decision Making
There may not always be a problem, but it always involves
selecting one of several alternatives, each of which may be
appropriate under certain circumstances.-Both require critical
thinking1)Problem Solving: diagnosing problem & solving
it2)Decision Making: may or may not be a problem; always
involves choices of alternative solutions.
The inclusion of staff nurses in decision
making related to patient care and work
methods at the unit and organizational
levels.
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Which of these patient scenarios is most indicative of critical
thinking?
A. Administering pain relief medication according to what was given last
shift
B. Asking a patient what pain relief methods, pharmacological and
nonpharmacological, have worked in the past
C. Offering pain relief medication based on physician orders
D. Explaining to the patient that his reports of severe pain are not
consistent with the minor procedure that was performed
Professional nurses are responsible for making clinical
decisions to?
a. Prove traditional methods of providing nursing care to patients.
b. Take immediate action when a patient’s condition worsens.
c. Apply clear textbook solutions to patients’ problems.
d. Formulate standardized care plans for groups of patients
Which of the following demonstrates a nurse utilizing selfreflection to improve clinical decision making?
a. Uses an objective approach in all situations
b. Obtains data in an orderly fashion
c. Improves a plan of care while thinking back on interventions
performed
d. Provides evidence-based explanations for all nursing
interventions
A new graduate nurse will make the best clinical decisions by
applying the components of the nursing critical thinking model
and which of the following?
a. Drawing on past clinical experiences to formulate standardized
care plans
b. Relying on recall of information from past lectures and textbooks
c. Depending on the charge nurse to determine priorities of care
d. Using the nursing process
The patient appears to be in no apparent distress, but vital signs
taken by assistive personnel reveal an extremely low pulse. The
nurse then auscultates an apical pulse and asks the patient whether
he has any complaints or a history of heart problems.
The nurse is utilizing which critical thinking skill?
a. Interpretation
b.
Evaluation
c.
Self-regulation
d. Explanation
The nursing student can best develop critical thinking
skills by doing which of the following?
a. Studying 3 hours more each night
b. Actively participating in all clinical experiences
c. Interviewing staff nurses about their nursing experiences
d. Attending all open skills lab opportunities
Key Answer
Q1: B
Q3: C
Q5: A
Q2: B
Q4: D
Q6: B
REFERENCES
• 7 Important Steps of the Decision Making Process [2022] • Asana
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