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Total points for Lab 3: Hematocrit and Hemoglobin write up is 100.
(4 points) Cover sheet – Include your first and last name, names of lab partners, date, lab exercise name and title, NFS 3101.01.
(5 points) Objectives – Restate the objectives using your own words. Remember to use bullet points.
(10 points) Raw Data – Include your data table in your lab report.
(20 points) Calculations – Calculate the value of your unknown using the Formula method (for Hemoglobin lab). Show mean and mean – blank calculations.
(15 points) Discussion – Discuss the results of the lab in detail. I am looking for details here. What results did you get? What do they mean?
(10 points) Assessment – Discuss new things you learned in the lab and the interesting things you found. This should contain at least 3 different items to receive full credit.
(6 points per question) – Answer the questions at the end of Lab 3
I uploaded the lab report also lab example. it is going to be look like that. also I uploaded the picture which has information for your table
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Laboratory Three:
Hemoglobin & Hematocrit Determinations
Objective:
➢ To identify blood collection tubes and additives.
➢ To learn the different types of additives, including anticoagulants.
➢ To learn the difference between whole blood, plasma, and serum.
➢ To familiarize the student with the concept of hematological examination and anemia.
Background: Blood Facts
Outside the body, blood will normally dot within 10 to 30 minutes, unless anticoagulants
are used.
• Plain Red-Top Vacutainer Tube: Freshly drawn blood collected in a tube containing
additives will coagulate forming a clot within 10 to 30 minutes of collection.
During the coagulation process, the clotting factors are used up, so that when a red-top
tube is centrifuged, the resulting fluid portion of the blood is called serum.
• Red w/Gray- or Gold-Top Vacutainer Tube: These tubes contain a clot
activator that speeds up the clot formation. They also contain a polymer gel called
a serum separator. These tubes are also known as Serum Separator Tubes
(SSTs).
✓ When these tubes are centrifuged, this polymer gel is forced upward and
wedges between the heavier red cells that remain on the bottom of the tube,
and the lighter serum that remains on the top of the gel.
✓ This is an important feature because some clinical instruments can become
dysfunctional if red cells can aspirate through the system.
✓ These SSTs also allow for the serum to be easily poured off for transfer,
instead of being aspirated or pipetted.
• Purple-Top and Green-Top Tubes: Freshly drawn blood collected in a tube
containing anticoagulants will not clot.
• Purple-Top (Lavender) Vacutainer Tube: This tube contains the anticoagulant
liquid EDTA Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate). This tube is also known as a
Hematology Tube.
• Green-Top Vacutainer Tube: This tube contains the anticoagulant Heparin.
Note: When these tubes are centrifuged, the lighter, clear yellow fluid portion, which rises
to the top (supernatant), is called plasma. This layer cannot be poured off.
Whole Blood, Plasma, and Serum:
Whole Blood: This specimen has all the blood components and chemical compounds
evenly distributed. An anticoagulant is usually employed to ensure that a clot does not
develop. It is recommended that blood tests be conducted as soon as possible after
collection (30 min to 2 hours). Whole blood must be stored at refrigerator temperatures
(2-8 °C). Whole blood cannot be frozen (-20 °C) because the RBCs will lyse. Eventually
hemolysis will occur even in the refrigerator.
Plasma: This specimen has the clotting factors. It can be recovered from tubes with or without
anticoagulant additives. If it is taken from plain tubes, it must be separated immediately before
clotting begins. It can be stored in the refrigerator or freezer.
Serum: This specimen does not have the clotting proteins like fibrinogen, or the other
clotting factors because the blood cells could clot. It can be stored in the refrigerator or
freezer.
Hemoglobin & Hematocrit Introduction:
In clinical practice, the hematological examination includes a determination of the complete
count (CBC). This includes the hematocrit, the hemoglobin concentration, the numbers of red
blood cells (RBC), and the type and number of white blood cells (WBC). The RBC are also
known as erythrocytes and the WBC are also known as leukocytes. The CBC also includes
parameters derived from hematocrit, hemoglobin, and RBC measurements (i.e., erythrocyte
indices). The erythrocyte indices include the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
(MCHC).
WBC count (103 / μL): The total number of white blood cells (all types) per microliter of blood.
This includes neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. A differential count (“diff”) is a means
to evaluate specific types of WBC in the blood smear and their percent distribution. WBC count
is decreased in protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and in folate or vitamin B12 deficiency; and
increases with infection or trauma.
Hematocrit (Hct: %): The volume of red blood cells packed by centrifugation. Centrifugation
separates the cellular components of blood from the plasma. Hct is reduced in iron, folate, and
vitamin B12 deficiency; and is increased in dehydration.
Hemoglobin (Hgb: g/dL or mmol/L): The concentration of hemoglobin in grams per deciliter of
blood. Hgb is decreased in iron, folate, and vitamin B12 deficiency.
RBC Count (106 / μL): The number of red blood cells per microliter of blood. A decreased RBC
count is seen in folate or vitamin B12 deficiency.
Erythrocyte Indicies:
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV: μm3 or fL): represents the average size of RBC in a blood
sample. This size is measured by the volume in cubic microns or femtoliters. MCV is a
calculated value, expressed in cubic micrometers, of the average volume of an erythrocyte. MCV
decreases in iron deficiency (microcytic anemia) and increases in folate or vitamin B12
deficiency (macrocytic anemia) and in chronic alcoholism
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH: pg or fmol): represents the average amount (weight)
of hemoglobin in each RBC, expressed in pictograms or femtomole. MCH is increased in
macrocytic, pernicious anemia. MCH is decreased in microcytic anemia.
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC: g Hgb / dL or mmol/L or %):
represents the average concentration of Hgb in the RBC. MCHC is a calculated value of the
amount of hemoglobin present in the RBC compared to its size. A ratio of weight to volume is
expressed as a percentage. MCHC is decreased in iron deficiency anemia. MCHC describes the
color of the RBC.
▪
▪
▪
Normochromic = red color, within normal range of Hgb
Hypochromic = pale red, below normal range
Hyperchromic = deep red, above normal range
Anemia: represents a decrease in the ability of the blood to deliver oxygen to the
tissues. Anemia most often results from malnutrition (for example, iron, and folate or
vitamin B12 deficiency), hemorrhage or hemolysis. Anemias can be classified
according to the mean RBC size (Mean Corpuscular Volume) and the chromaticity, or
color, of the cells as measured by the mean Hgb concentration in RBCs (Mean
Corpuscular Hemoglobin). According to this scheme, three categories of anemias can
be designed:
Normocytic, normochromic anemia
Microcytic, hypochromic anemia
Macrocytic, normochromic anemia
MCV (fL)
85-100
100
MCHC (%)
31-35
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