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Running head: HUMANITARIAN CRISIS IN SYRIA
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Humanitarian Crisis in Syria
November 19, 2019
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HUMANITARIAN CRISIS IN SYRIA
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Abstract
Syria has been under civil war for the past nine years. Over this time, the country has
produced an endless list of casualties, the majority of whom are children and women. The
intolerable conditions have forced some Syrians to flee to neighboring countries, with some
bracing the risk of traveling to Europe in search of peace. Millions are internally displaced, with
some trapped in remote, war-torn, and inaccessible regions in the country. The unemployment
rate in the country is above 50%, with the predominant population living in abject poverty.
Essentials have become a luxury to most people, leaving them at the mercy of humanitarian
organizations. Unfortunately, the rebels have grossly violated the International Humanitarian
Laws by continually attacking and killing aid workers, making the region the deadliest for these
workers. In spite of the large number of humanitarian organizations serving the area, the sheer
demand for their services makes it virtually impracticable to cover their needs culminating in a
crisis.
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Humanitarian Crisis in Syria
The Syrian crisis began on March 15, 2011. Syrian security forces met peaceful civilian
protests in some of the southern cities with severe brutality and violence. Although the citizenry
had hoped that the Arab Spring would precipitate some reforms in the country, as had happened
in other countries, this was not the case (World Vision, 2019). The Syrian government used
excessive oppression to avert any civilian organizations to squash liberation attempts and force
the citizens into submission. The crisis has persisted over the past eight years, with its intensity
getting worse over time. Over this time, over half of the initial Syrian population has either been
killed or fled their homes.
By 2012, the number of Syrian nationals seeking refuge in the neighboring countries,
such as Jordan, was north of one million. The Za’atari refugee camp was opened in Jordan,
adjacent to the border with Syria, to offer a temporary settlement for the refugees (Saleh, Aydin,
and Kocak, 2018). In the process of dampening liberation protests, the government has
committed atrocious acts against its citizens. A majority of these heinous acts, such as the April
2013 chemical attack, are beyond the tolerable limit, according to the United Nations Human
Rights Council (Furtak, 2015). The rising numbers of Syrian refugees in Jordan, which is posing
a threat to the country’s social system, warranted the opening of the Azraq camp in April 2014.
The continuous displacement of Syrian nationals forced some to flee to Europe. By 2015,
over 100,000 refugees had reached Europe (Stanek, 2017). In an attempt to dissuade
immigration, Hungary erected a border wall to bar immigrants from flocking the Europe from
Serbia. The wall, however, was unsuccessful in stopping immigration to Europe as the numbers
continued to grow to over a million in 2015. In 2016, after years of war, Russia and the United
Nations brokered a deal, under the auspice of the U.N., to disseminate aid to remote areas where
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thousands of Syrians were trapped. The World Food Program initiated food rationing systems
because of a shortfall in donations, which affected refugees in both Lebanon and Jordan in 2016.
A G20 ceasefire agreement to restore peace in the Southwest region was reached in 2017.
Unfortunately, the deal did not hold for long as fighting continued in some provinces such as
Daraa, Hama, and Homs. In 2017, at least 900,000 persons were displaced (World Vision, 2019).
At the height of the conflict in 2018, the number of Syrians in inaccessible regions rose to over
2.9 million. The isolation of these areas and the dwindling aid supplies made it nearly impossible
to sustain humanitarian activities in these regions, as well as in the established refugee camps.
Numerous international treaties to tone down fighting have also been unfruitful.
In 2019, the crisis has escalated with weather posing significant challenges not only for
the victims but also for humanitarian personnel. The raging floods, heavy winds, and freezing
temperatures experienced this year have frustrated humanitarian activities in the country leading
to untold misery and suffering. Destruction of healthcare facilities in the Northwest and military
operations at the Turkish border has exacerbated the suffering, with nearly half of the victims
being children (Chiriatti, 2018). Between May and October 2019, over 400,000 persons were
displaced.
Humanitarian organizations that provide assistance
International Rescue Committee
The International Rescue Committee (IRC) is one of the humanitarian organizations
providing aid to victims in Syria. IRC began its activities in Syria in 2012. Until 2018, the
organization had assisted at least 995,000 Syrian nations. IRC has established bases in both Iraq
and Jordan, from where it disseminates assistance to victims of the Syrian civil war. The choice
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of these locations is ideal because the two countries have been the significant hosts of Syrian
refugees. As a result of the war, a majority of Syrians live in abject poverty.
IRC offers both emergency and long-term services to those under its care. Emergency
services involve rescue and recovery missions, whereas prolonged aid involves providing food,
health care, and consumables to displaced families and other casualties of war. Besides offering
assistance to displaced persons in refugee camps, IRC also provides support to Syrians who
chose to remain in their homes, in spite of the war.
According to IRC, the organization has endured numerous challenges due to the war
(IRC, 2019). One of these challenges is the destruction of healthcare facilities, homes, and
learning institutions. The reason why the destruction of these facilities impairs IRC missions is
that the organization uses the facilities as temporary bases of operation. From these facilities, the
agency is guaranteed some security and shelter and can offer all persons available the aid they
require. Destruction of necessary infrastructure has also hurt water, electricity, and sanitation
systems, which frustrates IRC humanitarian activities.
IRC reckons that there are over 6.2 million Syrians who are internally displaced. The
total number of Syrians requiring aid in Syria is more than 11.7 million, according to IRC (IRC,
2019). Out of these, 10.2 million live in war-torn regions, which are inaccessible for
humanitarian activities. The presence of explosives in such regions further complicates the
provision of assistance to this population. Demographically, women and children particularly
bear the brunt of the war because of their vulnerability. These two populations are prone to a
wide range of issues ranging from sexual assault and child labor, to early forced marriages. All
these tribulations occasion unfathomable physical and psychological suffering.
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IRC commissioned humanitarian missions in Syria in 2012. At the time, the organization
was offering emergency relief to persons victimized by the ongoing civil war. In 2018 alone,
IRC was able to reach out to over one million Syrians residing within their country. Among these
were 853,000 persons who received medical care in IRC supported healthcare facilities. Besides,
another 22,000 victims, mostly women, and girls, most of whom were assault victims, also
received relief from IRC mobile health care teams.
Part of IRC’s missions includes providing victims with information and documentation to
enable victims to navigate safely. In 2018, IRC provided over 30,000 Syrian victims with critical
information to allow them to move freely and securely within their country or to reach safety.
The organization offered job training to at least half a million Syrian victims. Some of the
500,000 beneficiaries also received cash or vouchers with which to buy food and other supplies
to sustain their families. The organization targets persons whose lives and revenue have been
devastated by the war to empower them to survive, recover, and secure their future.
IRC operates cross-border teams. The teams comprise of some locals from Iraq and
Jordan to help with providing culturally competent care. At the height of confrontation, IRC has
partnered with local organizations and diaspora groups to facilitate the flow of essential supplies,
such as drugs, equipment, and consumables. The organization has also reinvigorated its
emergency cash handouts to war victims to enable them to acquire sustenance. Most recently,
IRC has also included operating health facilities and mobile clinics to provide victims with
trauma surgical services and cater for both primary and reproductive health facilities. These
teams also offer dialysis sessions and provide essential drugs to the victims.
The organization’s healthcare department also offers mental healthcare and counseling to
psychologically prepare victims to adjust to the hazards occasioned by the civil war. IRC has
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also set up a plethora of camps in both Jordan and Iraq, where they offer classes to children and
community members (Habib, 2019). The camps also play a role in skills training to equip victims
with essential skills which they can use to contribute to the economy either in their country or
abroad. Children benefit from early childhood training to wane off the detrimental psychological
effects of war and displacement. IRC also provides victims with apprenticeships and basic
training and support to start and run small businesses.
In the Northwest, nearly half of Idlib’s residents have been displaced by the civil war.
IRC has been at the forefront offering primary healthcare and money to acquire supplies
(Rescue, 2019). The organization has also established safe hubs for children where they can play
and learn. These centers offer recreational, psychological, and academic support to the children
to facilitate their adjustment to hazards occasioned by the war.
In the Northeast, IRC has proactively been offering food, primary medical, and
emergency services as the need arises. ISIS activities in the region have led to the displacement
of hundreds of thousands from the area. IRC prides itself on being the leading healthcare
provider in the northeast, reaching out to over 497,000 Syrians (Rescue, 2019). Also, IRC covers
Iraqi refugees in the region. In this part of the country, IRC offers humanitarian aid in camps,
rural neighborhoods, and towns. Of all humanitarian agencies in the area, IRC is the only one
that provides mental health care in all the available medical facilities (Rescue, 2019). North of
Raqqa, IRC has been instrumental in salvaging abandoned children and victims of sexual assault.
IRC posits that at least half of all Syrians have been displaced from their homes. Some of
them still reside in the country, while others have fled to neighboring countries. Subsequently,
the state ranks the first position in the list of nations with massive displacement crisis. The
organization acknowledges that as the conflicts rage on and the proportion of people requiring
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help rises, their resources continue to diminish. The organization strives to reach the vulnerable
populations in remote areas, with the emphasis being on both children and women. Over time,
IRC has built a vast network in Jordan, Lebanon, and Iraq, with current estimates indicated at
least 1.2 million persons.
Mercy Corps
Mercy Corps has been active in Syria since 2008. The entity has been dedicated to
providing humanitarian assistance since before the ongoing civil war. Mercy Corps missions
target both Syrians and members of the neighboring countries who have been adversely affected
by the war. The agency’s missions are principally tailored to establishing safe hubs for war
victims, stimulating economic opportunities, and offering emergency aid (Mercy Corps, 2019).
By 2018, the organization had reached out to over 1.5 million Syrians.
According to Mercy Corps, 70% of Syrians are in dire need of humanitarian assistance.
Out of this number, 40% are minors (Mercy Corps, 2019). By 2018, over 220,000 civilians had
been killed in the war. As a result of the eight years of war, the unemployment rate is 50%, with
69% of the remaining population live below the poverty line. 6.7 million Syrians face severe
food shortages, and 4.5 million face food insecurity. Overall, 90% of the population spends at
least half of their earnings on food supplies. From these figures, it is evident that there is a dire
need for humanitarian intervention to provide food to the affected populations to avert the
incidence of starvation.
Mercy Corps also reckons that more than one-third of Syrian school-aged children have
no access to education. These kids have limited access to safe and friendly spaces where they can
acquire the much-needed social support for their development. The continuing war continues to
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put pressure on the available education and social support resources, which poses a significant
threat to the mental and academic development of Syrian kids (Mercy Corps, 2019). Mercy
Corps team in Syria comprises of 350 members. The team’s primary mission is to foster
resilience in both individuals and households to persevere.
The organization has emergency programs to provide Syrians with essential needs, such
as water and food. Mercy Corps distributes clothing items, mattresses, and blankets to Syrians to
improve the quality of their lives. Besides, the organization has childcare and support programs
to offer support to nursing mothers and their newborns. The organization renovates safe
buildings to provide shelter for displaced persons. Other than Syria, Mercy Corps provides
services in Jordan and Iraq. For instance, the organization refurbishes water and sanitation
systems in Jordan to ensure both Syrians and Jordan residents have access to clean water. The
entity also drill wells to provide water to the refugee populations.
One of the Mercy Corps’ strategies for promoting food security is to encourage crop
production among farmers. The organization also provides supporting services such as cash
grants to enable locals to acquire supplies. Monthly, Mercy Corps reaches over 42,000 Syrians.
The organization has managed to distribute clean and safe drinking water to over 70,000 Syrians,
especially in Southwest Syria (Mercy Corps, 2019). Over the last three years, Mercy Corps has
managed to distribute over 150 million pounds of flour meal to the local bakeries. The program
is meant to provide locals with affordable access to bread to avert starvation.
Islamic Relief USA (IRUSA)
The Islamic Relief USA has been in existence for over 25 years. It has centers in over 30
countries worldwide with active missions, a majority of these countries. IRUSA s guided by the
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teachings and principles of the Islamic religion. In Syria, the organization was able to reach up to
3.3 million citizens, providing an assortment of services as per individual needs. According to
IRUSA, out of the 13 million Syrians who need humanitarian assistance, the proportion
receiving the appropriate aid is less than half. Five out of the 13 million needy Syrians, are
children. The primary driver of the crisis is the ensuing conflict in the country, which has been
going on for the past nine years.
Statistically, only a third of schools can offer the necessary learning services. Another
1.35 million children were on the verge of dropping out of school. In total, 5.8 million Syrian
kids were deprived of learning as of 2017. At the same time, over 300,000 teachers and support
staff were out of their jobs because of the worsening state in the country. By 2017, IRUSA
(2019) posits that over 180,000 personnel from learning institutions had abandoned their posts in
fear of their lives. The rising attacks on learning facilities had rendered over a third of the
institutions useless and incapable of supporting any academic activities. A majority of former
schools have been reduced to shelters for housing displaced persons. While IRUSA does not
have the capacity to fill the gap created entirely, it has established safe centers where children
can receive some form of learning, social support, and indulge in recreational activities.
Besides, 6.5 million Syrians are at risk of food shortage. The number of internally
displaced persons in Syria is more than 6.1 million, with another 5.3 million living in shelters.
These figures speak to the dire need for humanitarian aid and its scarcity. One of the common
issues facing the vast majority of the population is food insecurity (IRUSA, 2016). According to
IRUSA (2019), over 6.5 million Syrians are at risk of food insecurity. Thus, to meet the
humanitarian demand required in the country, urgent food supplies are necessary to sustain the
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needs of the people. Some of the confounding issues include safety and security, physical and
financial constraints, loss of income.
According to IRUSA, over 11.3 million Syrians were in dire need of varied healthcare
services in 2017 (IRUSA, 2019). Unfortunately, the safety standards in the country are
unfavorable to health workers. Between January and June 2017, the country witnessed a 25%
rise in attacks on health care facilities. On average, one facility was attacked every 36 hours,
making it unsafe for health care practitioners to continue offering their services (IRUSA, 2019).
As a result of this escalation, a majority of health practitioners refrain from practicing, which
jeopardizes public health. IRUSA is among the organizations that step in to the gap to provide
health services to a tiny fraction of Syrians. Still, there is a substantial deficit between the
demand and supply for health services. The prolonged civil war has only aggravated the situation
at the expense of the health of the people.
Others
There are over 22 humanitarian organizations offering assistance in Syria. Besides those
discussed herein, others include UNHCR, International Medical Corps, Life for Relief and
Development, Oxfam America, World Food Program, and UNICEF, among others. Each of
these organizations caters to health care, education, food, and sanitation, among other basic
human needs. Arguably, the number of humanitarian organizations involved are substantial.
However, these entities have not fully met the ever-rising demand for humanitarian assistance in
the region. With over half the entire population of the country in dire need for essentials, it is
nearly impracticable to meet all their needs.
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Escalation of war at the Turkish border in recent times has deteriorated the situation in
the region. The fact that the conflict has persisted for close to a decade means these
organizations’ resources are dwindling. Some of the organizations have even expressed concerns
over the unsustainability of their operations in the region. Even the 22 organizations have barely
managed to cover the entire area adequately. Some of the barriers to their efficacy include
insecurity, inaccessibility of some regions, and the raging war.
Organizations that should have provided help for the victims
The United Nations should have and has, to some extent, made notable efforts in offering
assistance to Syrian victims (Ostrand, 2018). Currently, the U.N. is in charge of coordinating
humanitarian aid in the region to ensure the available resources are equitably distributed among
the population. One of the barriers to the efficacy of the U.N. in covering the Syrian crisis is the
fact that the agency is stretched pretty thin in the region. The demand for humanitarian aid far
outweighs the agency’s capacity to cover the entire area adequately. Besides, the fact that the war
has been going on for close to a decade means that most of the resources have tapped dry.
U.N. is responsible for coordinating and providing assistance to people on demand. The
agency is not only committed to assisting Syrians; its services are in high demand across all
continents. Logically, there is only so much that a single agency can handle. Subsequently, other
humanitarian agencies chip in to complement U.N. efforts to save the victims and empower them
to regain control over their lives or adjust to living in war-torn states. According to the
International Humanitarian Law (IHL), victims of conflict are entitled to relief (GSDRC, 2013).
IHL does not bar any organization from offering impartial aid to victims of a crisis. The only
caveat is that the provision of assistance is based solely on need and that the agency has no
vested interests in the activity.
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One of the significant needs of victims in Syria is food. The World Food Program (WFP),
therefore, has a major role in providing humanitarian assistance in the region. WFP should, and
has, proactively involved its member countries in soliciting support with food items and other
donations to support their activities in the region. WFP has been at the forefront of resolving
Syria’s humanitarian crisis over the past eight years (WFP, 2019). According to WFP (2019), the
escalation of the war in the northeast over the last two months has displaced thousands of people
and widened the deficit in the food crisis in the region. According to WFP (209), on average,
6,000 persons are displaced in Syria daily, while hundreds succumb to injuries sustained
following attacks.
WFP has established stations in the 14 governorates in the country from where it
disseminates assistance to over 4 million persons per month. These stations enable the agency to
provide war victims with at least 1,500 kilocalories per day throughout the month (Khallouf,
2016). WFP also has strategies in place to address the unique nutritional demands of vulnerable
populations, including minors below the age of five years, lactating mothers, and pregnant
women (WFP, 2019). The organization has cash disbursement programs for pregnant women to
enable them to buy fresh vegetables and animal proteins to supplement their diet (Khallouf,
2016). Besides, there are dedicated programs to combat malnutrition and deficiencies of
micronutrient among the victims.
Security issues
Syria has not been the safest place for aid workers. In 2016, working in the Idleb region
was abducted and killed by rebels. The abduction and killing took place soon after the signing of
a truce between the government and rebel leaders. The IHL mandates the parties to a conflict
with the duty to guarantee the safety of aid workers to ensure that victims receive assistance on
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demand (Duclos et al. 2019). Intimidation and threats to aid workers perpetuate suffering among
the victims by jeopardizing the much-needed lifeline provided by humanitarian organizations. By
2018, Syria was identified as the deadliest region for aid workers following a series of
abductions, extortions, and killing of aid workers (Duclos et al. 2019). Northwest Syria is
particularly notorious for violence on aid workers, which dissuades humanitarian agencies from
extending services to the region.
In 2014, there were 192 incidents involving aid workers in Syria (Stoddard et al. 2017).
Out of 192 events, there were 122 aid workers lost their lives, and another 88 were injured
(Stoddard et al. 2019). The number of incidents reduced to 148 in 2015. The number of recorded
fatalities in 2015 was 109, and an equivalent number of injuries. In 2016, the number of deaths
reduced to 107, while the number of injuries reduced to 98 out of 162 incidents experienced
during that year. In 2017, the fatalities increased to 139, with 102 injuries from 158 incidents
(Stoddard et al. 2019). Since the civil war begun in 2011, the highest attacks on aid workers were
experienced in 2013, followed by 226 in 2018. In 2018, the fatalities rose to 131 while the
injuries increased to 144. From these figures, there has been a consistent rise in the number of
attacks on aid workers in Syria, with the number of fatalities also rising year-on-year.
The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) reports
that over 300 aid workers have lost their lives in Syria following attacks by the parties to the
conflict (OCHA, 2019). A majority of these incidents involve abductions and subsequent killing
of the aid workers by rebels. A substantial proportion of the attacks on these aid workers were
through aerial attacks on planes delivering aid to war-torn areas in the country (OCHA, 2019).
According to OCHA (2019), it is likely that there are unreported cases of aggression involving a
physical and sexual assault on the aid workers. Currently, the number of Syrians in need of
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assistance is approximately 13 million. With the war raging on and aid workers being
consistently under the threat of attack by rebels, the humanitarian crisis can only be expected to
escalate in the coming days.
Public health issues in Syrian refugee camps
Syrian refugees’ camps are found in Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, and within the country. A
majority of these camps were designed to serve as a temporary refuge for the displaced persons.
Unfortunately, the ongoing war has made it impossible to resettle the refugees back in their
homes, forcing them to reside in the tents permanently. In these camps, there are a plethora of
public health concerns, most of which are posed by disease outbreaks. In the past, incidents of
tuberculosis, malaria, and Hepatitis B have been reported in different camps. Poor diet in the
camps also predisposes the inhabitants to malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. The
experiences of the refugees during the war also expose them to mental conditions, such as posttraumatic stress disorder, myalgia, anxiety, and depression, among other diseases.
Host countries have expressed concerns and taken measures to exclude Syrian refugees
from their national health insurance programs. For instance, Jordan, for example, was forced to
discontinue its refugee health coverage following the persistent rise in demand for medical
services in 2014 (El Arnout et al. 2019). The insatiable demand for health services by the
refugees strained the country’s health resources. Jordan resulted in charging the refugees as
foreigners in the country, which has complicated the process of accessing health services when
the need arises. Taking into account the fact that the majority of these refugees were already
living below the poverty line before their current predicament makes it virtually impossible to
access quality health care. UNHCR has since filled the gap by footing the care bills for refugees
in respective countries. However, without a foreseeable end of the war in Syria and the ever-
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rising number of refugees, there is no telling for how long the agency will sustain its
commitment
How to improve disaster management in the future
Disaster management requires a competent team. One of the most effective strategies for
improving disaster management is capacity building. The goal of capacity building is to create
the capability among fractions of a community by equipping it with the skills and knowledge to
effectively manage a disaster (Aghaei, Seyedin, and Sanaeinasab, 2018). In full realization of the
value of capacity building, UNHCR has been at the forefront in capacity building efforts.
According to UNHCR (2019), the organization has dedicated to ensuring that its workforce has
the skills and knowledge required to manage complex disasters regardless of their size precisely.
Recently, the agency convened a seven-day long workshop titled ‘Syrian Emergency Training.’
The goal of this workshop was to instill their workforce working in Syria with the prerequisite
skills, the recommended best practices, and methodologies of managing the crisis.
Preparedness is one of the primary tenets of disaster management (Seyedin, Samadipour,
and Salmani, 2019). At the state level, governments should institute measures for disaster
preparedness and mitigation strategies to dissipate the impact of a catastrophe. Preparation may
entail the adoption of monitoring and surveillance systems, leveraging big data technologies, and
formulating diverse policies of checks and balances. Besides, the government, through relevant
departments, should endeavor to build competence and skills among specialized teams to
increase their ability to respond to disasters. Regional coalitions can also play a primary role in
preparedness. The rationale for forming strong alliances with neighboring countries is to provide
a safeguard for internal and external threats. Besides, these coalitions would ensure that in the
event of a national disaster, one country can rely on assistance from its partners unconditionally.
HUMANITARIAN CRISIS IN SYRIA
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Such alliances would go a long way in ensuring the welfare of the citizenry and fostering
national security.
Conclusion
The Syrian civil war began in 2011. To date, the warring parties have not shown any
signs of reaching an agreement. The numerous regional and international truces have all failed to
achieve a ceasefire in the country. Over the past nine years, over half of the population has been
displaced, and hundreds of thousands have lost their lives. The demand for humanitarian
assistance in the country is at an all-time high with prospects of escalating in the future.
Although a plethora of humanitarian organizations has committed to offering much-needed aid,
they are incapable of meeting the demand, culminating in a crisis. Unless the government and the
rebels strike a deal, the humanitarian crisis can only deteriorate in the coming days.
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