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Uncertainty and an overwhelming number of alternatives are two key factors that make decision making difficult.Discuss how Business Analytics approaches mitigate uncertainty and help us make better-informed decisions.Please refer to the discussion forum rubric for this assignment.Initial discussion forum is due by Wednesday and responses to two of your classmates are due by Saturday.Each week to earn full points on the discussion forums, make sure to include outside sources to support your discussion.
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How to Write a Report: A Guide
Matt Ellis
Updated on January 11, 2023
STUDENTS
A report is a nonfiction account that presents and/or summarizes the facts about
a particular event, topic, or issue. The idea is that people who are unfamiliar with
the subject can find everything they need to know from a good report.
Reports make it easy to catch someone up to speed on a subject, but actually
writing a report is anything but easy. So to help you understand what to do, below
we present a little report of our own, all about report writing.
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What is a report?
In technical terms, the definition of a report is pretty vague: any account, spoken
or written, of the matters concerning a particular topic. This could refer to
anything from a courtroom testimony to a grade schooler’s book report.
Really, when people talk about “reports,” they’re usually referring to official
documents outlining the facts of a topic, typically written by an expert on the
subject or someone assigned to investigate it. There are different types of reports,
explained in the next section, but they mostly fit this description.
What kind of information is shared in reports? Although all facts are welcome,
reports, in particular, tend to feature these types of content:
Details of an event or situation
The consequences or ongoing effect of an event or situation
Evaluation of statistical data or analytics
Interpretations from the information in the report
Predictions or recommendations based on the information in the report
How the information relates to other events or reports
Reports are closely related to essay writing, although there are some clear
distinctions. While both rely on facts, essays add the personal opinions and
arguments of the authors. Reports typically stick only to the facts, although they
may include some of the author’s interpretation of these facts, most likely in the
conclusion.
Moreover, reports are heavily organized, commonly with tables of contents and
copious headings and subheadings. This makes it easier for readers to scan
reports for the information they’re looking for. Essays, on the other hand, are
meant to be read start to finish, not browsed for specific insights.
Types of reports
There are a few different types of reports, depending on the purpose and to whom
you present your report. Here’s a quick list of the common types of reports:
Academic report: Tests a student’s comprehension of the subject matter, such
as book reports, reports on historical events, and biographies
Business reports: Identifies information useful in business strategy, such as
marketing reports, internal memos, SWOT analysis, and feasibility reports
Scientific reports: Shares research findings, such as research papers and
case studies, typically in science journals
Reports can be further divided into categories based on how they are written. For
example, a report could be formal or informal, short or long, and internal or
external. In business, a vertical report shares information with people on different
levels of the hierarchy (i.e., people who work above you and below you), while a
lateral report is for people on the author’s same level, but in different
departments.
There are as many types of reports as there are writing styles, but in this guide, we
focus on academic reports, which tend to be formal and informational.
>>Read More: What Is Academic Writing?
What is the structure of a report?
The structure of a report depends on the type of report and the requirements of
the assignment. While reports can use their own unique structure, most follow
this basic template:
Executive summary: Just like an abstract in an academic paper, an executive
summary is a standalone section that summarizes the findings in your report
so readers know what to expect. These are mostly for official reports and less
so for school reports.
Introduction: Setting up the body of the report, your introduction explains the
overall topic that you’re about to discuss, with your thesis statement and any
need-to-know background information before you get into your own findings.
Body: The body of the report explains all your major discoveries, broken up
into headings and subheadings. The body makes up the majority of the entire
report; whereas the introduction and conclusion are just a few paragraphs
each, the body can go on for pages.
Conclusion: The conclusion is where you bring together all the information in
your report and come to a definitive interpretation or judgment. This is usually
where the author inputs their own personal opinions or inferences.
If you’re familiar with how to write a research paper, you’ll notice that report
writing follows the same introduction-body-conclusion structure, sometimes
adding an executive summary. Reports usually have their own additional
requirements as well, such as title pages and tables of content, which we explain
in the next section.
What should be included in a report?
There are no firm requirements for what’s included in a report. Every school,
company, laboratory, task manager, and teacher can make their own format,
depending on their unique needs. In general, though, be on the lookout for these
particular requirements—they tend to crop up a lot:
Title page: Official reports often use a title page to keep things organized; if a
person has to read multiple reports, title pages make them easier to keep
track of.
Table of contents: Just like in books, the table of contents helps readers go
directly to the section they’re interested in, allowing for faster browsing.
Page numbering: A common courtesy if you’re writing a longer report, page
numbering makes sure the pages are in order in the case of mix-ups or
misprints.
Headings and subheadings: Reports are typically broken up into sections,
divided by headings and subheadings, to facilitate browsing and scanning.
Citations: If you’re citing information from another source, the citations
guidelines tell you the recommended format.
Works cited page: A bibliography at the end of the report lists credits and the
legal information for the other sources you got information from.
As always, refer to the assignment for the specific guidelines on each of these.
The people who read the report should tell you which style guides or formatting
they require.
How to write a report in 7 steps
Now let’s get into the specifics of how to write a report. Follow the seven steps on
report writing below to take you from an idea to a completed paper.
1
Choose a topic based on the assignment
Before you start writing, you need to pick the topic of your report. Often, the topic
is assigned for you, as with most business reports, or predetermined by the
nature of your work, as with scientific reports. If that’s the case, you can ignore
this step and move on.
If you’re in charge of choosing your own topic, as with a lot of academic reports,
then this is one of the most important steps in the whole writing process. Try to
pick a topic that fits these two criteria:
There’s adequate information: Choose a topic that’s not too general but not
too specific, with enough information to fill your report without padding, but
not too much that you can’t cover everything.
It’s something you’re interested in: Although this isn’t a strict requirement, it
does help the quality of a report if you’re engaged by the subject matter.
Of course, don’t forget the instructions of the assignment, including length, so
keep those in the back of your head when deciding.
2
Conduct research
With business and scientific reports, the research is usually your own or provided
by the company—although there’s still plenty of digging for external sources in
both.
For academic papers, you’re largely on your own for research, unless you’re
required to use class materials. That’s one of the reasons why choosing the right
topic is so crucial; you won’t go far if the topic you picked doesn’t have enough
available research.
The key is to search only for reputable sources: official documents, other reports,
research papers, case studies, books from respected authors, etc. Feel free to use
research cited in other similar reports. You can often find a lot of information
online through search engines, but a quick trip to the library can also help in a
pinch.
3
Write a thesis statement
Before you go any further, write a thesis statement to help you conceptualize the
main theme of your report. Just like the topic sentence of a paragraph, the thesis
statement summarizes the main point of your writing, in this case, the report.
Once you’ve collected enough research, you should notice some trends and
patterns in the information. If these patterns all infer or lead up to a bigger,
overarching point, that’s your thesis statement.
For example, if you were writing a report on the wages of fast-food employees,
your thesis might be something like, “Although wages used to be commensurate
with living expenses, after years of stagnation they are no longer adequate.” From
there, the rest of your report will elaborate on that thesis, with ample evidence
and supporting arguments.
It’s good to include your thesis statement in both the executive summary and
introduction of your report, but you still want to figure it out early so you know
which direction to go when you work on your outline next.
4
Prepare an outline
Writing an outline is recommended for all kinds of writing, but it’s especially
useful for reports given their emphasis on organization. Because reports are often
separated by headings and subheadings, a solid outline makes sure you stay on
track while writing without missing anything.
Really, you should start thinking about your outline during the research phase,
when you start to notice patterns and trends. If you’re stuck, try making a list of
all the key points, details, and evidence you want to mention. See if you can fit
them into general and specific categories, which you can turn into headings and
subheadings respectively.
5
Write a rough draft
Actually writing the rough draft, or first draft, is usually the most time-consuming
step. Here’s where you take all the information from your research and put it into
words. To avoid getting overwhelmed, simply follow your outline step by step to
make sure you don’t accidentally leave out anything.
Don’t be afraid to make mistakes; that’s the number one rule for writing a rough
draft. Expecting your first draft to be perfect adds a lot of pressure. Instead, write
in a natural and relaxed way, and worry about the specific details like word choice
and correcting mistakes later. That’s what the last two steps are for, anyway.
6
Revise and edit your report
Once your rough draft is finished, it’s time to go back and start fixing the mistakes
you ignored the first time around. (Before you dive right back in, though, it helps to
sleep on it to start editing fresh, or at least take a small break to unwind from
writing the rough draft.)
We recommend first rereading your report for any major issues, such as cutting or
moving around entire sentences and paragraphs. Sometimes you’ll find your data
doesn’t line up, or that you misinterpreted a key piece of evidence. This is the right
time to fix the “big picture” mistakes and rewrite any longer sections as needed.
If you’re unfamiliar with what to look for when editing, you can read our previous
guide with some more advanced self-editing tips.
7
Proofread and check for mistakes
Last, it pays to go over your report one final time, just to optimize your wording
and check for grammatical or spelling mistakes. In the previous step you checked
for “big picture” mistakes, but here you’re looking for specific, even nitpicky
problems.
A writing assistant like Grammarly flags those issues for you. Grammarly’s free
version points out any spelling and grammatical mistakes while you write, with
suggestions to improve your writing that you can apply with just one click. The
Premium version offers even more advanced features, such as tone adjustments
and word choice recommendations for taking your writing to the next level.
Your writing, at its best.
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