Description
Research the National Committee of BioEthics (NCBE) Implementing Regulations of the Law of Ethics of Research on Living Creatures in Saudi Arabia.
Select any of the many articles related to your profession or resonate with your student research topic. How could these guidelines be integrated to ensure the researcher’s adherence to these research regulations and protocols?
Choose 1 of your 10 articles you selected and completed the Annotated Bibliography on. Identify information pertaining to ethical assurances or compliance by the researchers in that specific study. This will commonly be located in Chapter 3 Methodology sections regarding Sampling, Data Collection Procedures, Data Analysis Procedures, Ethical Assurances, or Informed Consent.
*If your article is missing any of the ethical standards commonly associated with human subjects research, please identify them in your post!
Common ethical requirements:
1. Right to participation autonomy – participants can quit research participation at any time wiithout repercussion or consequence.
2. Right to privacy – particpants will NOT be identified by name or other personal health information (pseudonyms or numerical coding will preserve the anonymity of participants).
3. Right to be protected from harm (non-maleficence) – researchers take precautions to minimize mental or physical injury or harms and provide contact information to professionals in the case injury does occur.
4. Right to beneficence – assurances that participation in the research will most likely generate benefits (health improvements).
5. Right to be notified of researcher affiliations – notifications of grant funding or business/organization support for the research which could be biasing.
6. Right to know why the participant is being selected for the study.
7. Right to know if the participant is being reimbursed or provided some type of reward for participation.
8. Right to know possible risks or harms from participating in the research study.
9. Right to ask questions before, during, or after participation in the research study with contact information provided.
10. Right to not be tricked or deceived by the researcher.
There are plenty of other ethical considerations, but this should give you a start of things to look for, Dr. Eric
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Annotated Bibliography on Antibiotic Use
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
2
Annotated Bibliography on Antibiotic Use
Bezruk, V. V., Ivanov, D. D., & Shkrobanets, I. D. (2023). Monitoring and features of
antibiotic resistance during the COVID-19 pandemic. KIDNEYS, 12(1), 26-32.
https://doi.org/10.22141/2307-1257.12.1.2023.391
-This study compares the data from a study conducted from 2014 to 2016 to examine
trends of antibiotic resistance among the bacteria that cause pediatric urinary tract
infections during the COVID-19 pandemic. Six hundred fifty-seven youngsters (0-17
years old) had urine samples that were examined. The findings revealed wave-like
changes in penicillin and cephalosporin resistance, while fluoroquinolone and
tetracycline resistance rose. The findings underline the importance of upholding
medical care standards and emphasize the need for pediatric practitioners to prescribe
antibiotics expressly, notably carbapenems.
-This study offers important new information about the changing pattern of antibiotic
resistance during the COVID-19 pandemic among pediatric UTI cases. Its authority is
increased by thoroughly examining the patterns of resistance it provides. In order to
support localized healthcare practices, the study’s emphasis on area data provides
specificity. However, the study needs a global perspective and comprehensive
demographic data. Furthermore, the short time range can miss long-term patterns.
Blackburn, J., Barrowman, N., Bowes, J., Tsampalieros, A., & Le Saux, N. (2021).
Establishing benchmarks for antimicrobial use in Canadian children’s hospitals:
results from 2 national point prevalence surveys. The Pediatric Infectious Disease
Journal, 40(10), 899-905. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000003170
– Through two one-day Point Prevalence Surveys (PPS), this study evaluates the use
of antibiotics in 15 pediatric hospitals in Canada in 2018–19. Findings show that a
sizable percentage of broader-spectrum antibiotics were given out, even in cases of
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community-acquired pneumonia. The study emphasizes the viability of PPS for
monitoring antibiotic use and raises the possibility of setting objectives to lower total
and Watch group antibiotic prescriptions.
-This study used PPS across various pediatric hospitals and provides insightful
information about Canadian antibiotic usage trends. Its methodology, which focuses
on a single-day snapshot, summarizes the most common themes. The addition of
neonatal critical care units increases the study’s breadth. The study, however, needs
more precise patient-specific data, which may prevent a thorough review. The report
also highlights the widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics as a possible area for
policy development and action.
Blaser, M. J., Melby, M. K., Lock, M., & Nichter, M. (2021). Accounting for variation in and
overuse of antibiotics among humans. Bioessays, 43(2), 2000163.
https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.202000163
– The global problem of rising antibiotic use that is made worse by over-the-counter
and online sales is discussed in this study. Several reasons, including expectations of
healthcare providers and patients, institutional rules, business practices of the
pharmaceutical sector, and cultural influences, cause regional differences in antibiotic
use. The study investigates these factors systematically, highlighting the demand for
better antibiotic stewardship. Some recommendations include increased practitioner
accountability for prescribing and the exploration of antibiotic substitutes.
-This article explores the intricate causes of antibiotic usage from a comprehensive
angle. It offers depth in its examination of the complete therapeutic ecology.
However, it lacks details on how to apply these broad remedies, such as practitioner
responsibility and improved communication. Further research is necessary to address
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the call for caregivers to serve as diagnosticians. Additionally, despite suggesting
fewer economic effects, it has yet to offer concrete suggestions for how to do so.
Lampi, E., Carlsson, F., Sundvall, P. D., Torres, M. J., Ulleryd, P., Åhrén, C., & Jacobsson,
G. (2020). Interventions for prudent antibiotic use in primary healthcare: An
econometric analysis. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1), 1-11.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05732-2
– In the fight against antibiotic resistance, rational antibiotic prescription is essential.
Utilizing data from 2011 to 2014 in western Sweden, this study examines the effects
of two interventions—an informational visit and a self-evaluation meeting—on
antibiotic prescription rates in primary healthcare facilities. The educational
intervention briefly decreased prescriptions in public healthcare facilities, but the selfevaluation meeting did not reveal any appreciable effects. The findings indicate the
need for diverse strategies to successfully reduce antibiotic usage in primary
healthcare and draw attention to the shortcomings of single educational programs.
-This study highlights the need to use multiple tactics when prescribing antibiotics
and offers insightful information. Its retrospective study offers a thorough breakdown
of the interventions’ efficacy. The study’s lack of precise qualitative data, however,
restricts the scope of the investigation. Also unknown are the precise causes of the
educational intervention’s transient effects. Despite these drawbacks, the study
emphasizes the difficulty of behavioural change in healthcare practices.
Luo, Y., Guo, Z., Li, Y., Ouyang, H., Huang, S., Chen, Y., … & Liu, X. (2023).
Appropriateness of Empirical Antibiotic Therapy in Hospitalized Patients with
Bacterial Infection: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Infection and Drug Resistance,
4555-4568. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S402172
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– This study analyzes empirical antibiotic therapy (EAT) in hospitalized patients with
bacterial illnesses, concentrating on inappropriate and excessive antibiotic use. The
research demonstrates the widespread frequency of improper and excessively broadspectrum antibiotic prescriptions, with almost half of the patients receiving improper
EAT and more than half of those receiving unnecessarily broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Infection with Multidrug-Resistant Organisms was related to IEAT and unnecessary
broad-spectrum antibiotics. The study stresses the necessity for prudent antibiotic
choices based on patient variables, suspected infection site, pathogen susceptibility,
and local resistance patterns.
-This study provides a detailed examination of empirical antibiotic use, shedding light
on the occurrence and effects of improper and excessive prescriptions. The research
offers valuable insights into factors influencing antibiotic selections, highlighting the
influence of MDROs and underlining the need for judicious judgments based on
numerous considerations. However, the study’s shortcomings, particularly its singlecentre emphasis and potential biases in patient selection, need consideration.
Nepal, P., Subedee, A., Shakya, H., Poudel, S., Joshi, S., Karki, K., … & Acharya, Y. (2023).
Protocol for a randomized controlled trial on community education and surveillance
on antibiotics use among young children in Nepal. Contemporary Clinical Trials
Communications, 101177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conctc.2023.101177
– This study tackles antimicrobial resistance in low and middle-income countries,
focusing on non-prescribed antibiotic usage among young children in Nepal. The
project intends to examine the impact of an educational intervention for parents given
by community nurses through videos, text messages, and brochures. Additionally, the
study tracks antibiotic use using a smartphone-based application. This method,
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focusing on modifying patient behaviour, corresponds with Nepal’s Antimicrobial
Resistance Containment Action Plan.
-This revolutionary work addresses a significant issue, adopting creative approaches
to prevent AMR. Focusing on the demand side, particularly influencing patient
attitudes, is innovative and vital. Using smartphone applications coincides with
Nepal’s digital landscape, improving the study’s relevance. However, the study’s
location in Kathmandu Valley might limit generalizability to other areas of Nepal.
The self-reported nature of data presents potential biases, although attempts to involve
research arms and monthly incentives offset this. The study’s emphasis on identifying
population-specific impacts enables future scalability.
Silfwerbrand, E., Verma, S., Sjökvist, C., Stålsby Lundborg, C., & Sharma, M. (2019).
Diagnose-specific antibiotic prescribing patterns at otorhinolaryngology inpatient
departments of two private sector healthcare facilities in Central India: a five-year
observational study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public
Health, 16(21), 4074. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214074
– This study looked at the five-year trends in antibiotic prescriptions in the ENT
inpatient units of two private Indian hospitals. The study focused on detecting
particular antibiotic diagnoses for individuals older than 15. It examined patterns in
antibiotic use for various diagnostic groups, including non-surgical, surgical, and
chronic suppurative otitis media. Most prescriptions were long-term empirical, with
little reliance on microbiology research.
-One benefit of the study is that it focuses on private healthcare facilities serving a
substantial section of the Indian population. The authors admit that assessing the
results without perioperative remarks might have been more challenging. The huge
sample size and rigorous monitoring limit the harm even if there is a risk of human
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mistakes during data collection. The study emphasizes the inadequacy of applying
international standards without considering local context and data, underscoring the
need for tailored antibiotic prescribing guidelines.
Vieira Filho, J. F., Ribeiro, V. N., do Nascimento, Á. M. A., & Maria Alves de Melo, M.
(2023). Infections in Children with Cancer Admitted in an Oncology Reference
Hospital: A Cross-sectional Study. Current Microbiology, 80(9), 315.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03420-y
– With a focus on 168 infection occurrences involving 96 patients from 2018 to 2021,
this paper examines the infection profile of pediatric oncology patients in a Brazilian
hospital. It demonstrates that hematological malignancies, primarily acute lymphoid
leukemia, were present in 62.4% of infected patients. Escherichia coli (31.9%) was
the most common bacteria, and 52% was multidrug resistant. The report underscores
how crucial epidemiological research is to setting up guidelines and preventing
infections in pediatric oncology.
-This study offers important information on infections in immunocompromised
pediatric oncology patients that is essential for healthcare planning. The research’s
strength is its thorough examination of antibiotic resistance and illness patterns. Its
main drawback is the study’s single-centre focus, which may need to be sufficiently
generalizable. The results do, however, underline the critical need for targeted
antibiotic regimes and the difficulties multidrug-resistant pathogens present in
pediatric oncology settings.
Wei, J., Wang, Y., Chen, C., & Lin, J. (2022). Risk factors associated with methicillin
resistance in hospitalized newborn infants with Staphylococcus aureus
infection. Infection and Drug Resistance, 2921-2928.
https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S367912
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– This study examines methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in
hospitalized newborns to identify risk variables and recommend empirical antibiotics.
Findings show that breastfeeding exclusively protects against MRSA, while prior
antibiotic treatment lasting more than 48 hours considerably increases the risk.
Neonatal MRSA infection increases the need for prudent antibiotic administration and
supports breastfeeding in neonatal care, resulting in lengthier hospitalization and
higher costs.
-This study in a renowned Chinese pediatric facility provides crucial new information
about neonatal MRSA infections. Its key strength is pinpointing essential risk factors,
such as the duration of antibiotic use and the effects of nursing on MRSA
susceptibility. Future multi-center investigations are likely required due to the study’s
limitations, which include its single-center nature and sample size. However, the
study emphasizes reducing antibiotic misuse and encouraging breastfeeding in
newborns, guiding focused measures to lower MRSA infections and healthcare
expenses.
Willems, J., Hermans, E., Schelstraete, P., Depuydt, P., & De Cock, P. (2021). Optimizing
the use of antibiotic agents in the pediatric intensive care unit: a narrative
review. Pediatric Drugs, 23(1), 39-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40272-020-00426-y
– To prevent resistance and ensure effective treatment, this article examines the
difficulties associated with the correct antibiotic prescription in critically ill children.
The review talks about how difficult it can be to interpret diagnostic data and
emphasizes how crucial it is to tell bacterial infections from inflammatory disorders.
New biomarker research, a review of dosage regimens, and incorporating safe
prescribing practices into outreach initiatives are all encouraged, particularly in
settings with limited resources.
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-The authors emphasize the complexity of interpreting diagnostic data and separating
infections from inflammatory diseases as they analyze the challenges of adopting
accurate antibiotic regimens for critically unwell infants. The article calls for more
investigation into biomarkers, dosage effects on seriously ill patients, and behavioral
elements of prescribing, which are its most vital points. The absence of specific
studies listed is one of the drawbacks; hence, more research will be needed to
transform theoretical concepts into real-world, therapeutically valuable results.
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References
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Annotated Bibliography on Artificial Intelligence
Name of Student
Institutional Affiliation
Course
Date
2
Annotated Bibliography on Artificial Intelligence
Clement, J., & Maldonado, A. Q. (2021). Augmenting the transplant team with artificial
intelligence: Toward meaningful AI use in solid organ transplant. Frontiers in
immunology, 12, 694222. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.694222
-The article addresses how artificial intelligence (AI) might be used in the transplant
industry. By foreseeing patient-specific outcomes and overcoming human biases, it
investigates how AI might improve decision-making procedures. In creating
Transplant AI teams, the authors stress the importance of interdisciplinary
collaboration between clinicians, administrators, AI specialists, and ethicists.
Additionally, the article raises important issues on the need for ethical disclosure,
assessing AI’s efficacy, and including AI in shared decision-making models.
-The essay thoroughly analyses AI applications in transplantation, covering its
strengths and weaknesses. The suggested multidisciplinary strategy for Transplant AI
teams increases the article’s legitimacy. However, the depth of its appraisal is
constrained by the absence of concrete instances or case studies. Despite this, the
study is a valuable tool for academics and medical professionals, sparking vital
discussions on the integration of AI, standards for evaluation, and moral issues related
to transplantation.
Dolgikh, S. (2021). A collaborative model for integration of artificial intelligence in primary
care. Journal of Human, Earth, and Future, 2(4), 395-403.
https://doi.org/10.28991/HEF-2021-02-04-07
– The article analyzes the possibility of incorporating Artificial Intelligence (AI)
techniques into primary care while discussing the rising expenses of healthcare caused
by diagnostic mistakes. It draws attention to the difficulties that arise when human
variables, including stress and exhaustion, play a role in misdiagnosis. The paper
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suggests a strategy to increase diagnosis accuracy without sacrificing control and
safety by fusing human expertise and AI technology. It highlights the requirement for
AI system confidence and promotes strong validation and explainability.
-This study promotes a hybrid strategy that uses AI in primary care while seriously
addressing the difficulties of misdiagnosis. The study’s strength is in its ability to
acknowledge the difficulties posed by human elements while using AI’s reliable
performance. The article is theoretical and it needs concrete examples or case studies.
It provides insightful information about the application of AI in healthcare,
highlighting the significance of safety and trust.
Fdez-Olivares, J., Onaindia, E., Castillo, L., Jordán, J., & Cózar, J. (2019). Personalized
conciliation of clinical guidelines for comorbid patients through multi-agent
planning. Artificial intelligence in medicine, 96, 167-186.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2018.11.003
– This article suggests the Multi-Agent Planning (MAP) framework to reconcile
clinical recommendations in comorbid patients while including patient preferences.
Individual disease criteria, managing interactions, and preferences through
computerized planning processes are all included in the strategy. Qualitative and
quantitative patient preferences are introduced in the study, and preference disputes
are addressed through guideline conciliation. The approach uses temporal
Hierarchical Task Network (HTN) planning and agent coordination to create
individualized, flexible treatment plans that guarantee openness and transparency.
– The study offers a solid framework that uses MAP and HTN planning to manage
complicated relationships and patient preferences in comorbidity. The approach offers
valuable insights for research on antibiotic usage among children in healthcare
because of its transparent decision-making process and potential for interactive
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additions, which boost its application in individualized healthcare settings. For a
thorough practical application, more research into the plan execution and patient
interface components is necessary.
Giordano, C., Brennan, M., Mohamed, B., Rashidi, P., Modave, F., & Tighe, P. (2021).
Accessing artificial intelligence for clinical decision-making. Frontiers in digital
health, 3, 645232. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2021.645232
-This article examines how healthcare systems using electronic health record (EHR)
data can incorporate artificial intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning and
deep learning. It discusses how EHR systems are widely used and how AI could be
applied. The paper focuses on applying AI in risk stratification, patient outcome
optimization, and complex healthcare decision-making. It draws attention to the
difficulties with interpretability, bias, and ethical issues surrounding the use of AI in
healthcare.
-The article thoroughly analyzes AI’s effect on healthcare, highlighting its
opportunities and difficulties. Its assessment of how well AI has been incorporated
into medical practice provides insightful information. However, the article’s practical
usefulness may be constrained by the need for more specific examples or case studies
to support its arguments. The issue of bias and interpretability is essential because it
highlights the necessity of continual medical education.
Hryciw, B. N., Fortin, Z., Ghossein, J., & Kyeremanteng, K. (2023). Doctor-patient
interactions in the age of AI: navigating innovation and expertise. Frontiers in
Medicine, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmed.2023.1241508
-Besides examining patient empowerment and the ethical issues raised by AI adoption
in healthcare, this article looks into the challenges of incorporating AI-generated
medical views into doctor-patient relationships. It discusses how the relationship
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between doctors and patients changes and emphasizes the importance of open
communication and teamwork. To ensure responsible AI integration in healthcare, the
authors emphasize the significance of patient-centred care models and training
healthcare practitioners and patients.
-The paper thoroughly investigates the issues raised by AI integration in healthcare,
including insightful information on patient empowerment and moral conundrums. It
assesses the possibilities of AI while emphasizing communication and cooperation
between doctors and patients. However, it draws attention to worries about false
information, prejudices, and the requirement for effective training programs. The
authors support open communication to uphold confidence and promote responsible
AI use in healthcare settings. They also call for a careful balance between AI and
human expertise.
Johnson, E. A., Dudding, K. M., & Carrington, J. M. (2023). When to err is inhuman: An
examination of the influence of artificial intelligence‐driven nursing care on patient
safety. Nursing Inquiry, e12583. https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12583
-This article explores the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in nursing care,
emphasizing how it affects patient security and professional judgment. It addresses
how the rapidly advancing use of technologies like sensors, wearables, and robotics
has blurred the distinctions between human-driven and AI-driven care. While
highlighting the indispensable nature of human judgment and compassionate care, it
discusses the potential effects of AI in enhancing nursing practices.
-The paper analyzes the changing nature of nursing care in light of AI integration,
recognizing the possible advantages while highlighting the lasting value of human
discretion and compassion. It highlights the current inadequacies in regulatory
frameworks and the urgent need for nurse involvement in developing AI rules and
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models. The topic of transhumanism offers a distinct viewpoint and invites readers to
consider the moral implications of healthcare that incorporate AI, which makes it an
essential contribution to the conversation about AI in nursing practice.
Lynn, L. A. (2019). Artificial intelligence systems for complex decision-making in acute care
medicine: a review. Patient safety in Surgery, 13(1), 6.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13037-019-0188-2
-This article analyzes the advantages and potential drawbacks of integrating artificial
intelligence (AI) into acute care settings. It highlights the necessity of proactive
measures to keep human oversight in patient care, even with AI aid. It also analyzes
the shortcomings of current hospital standards. It emphasizes the significance of open
communication between AI systems and healthcare practitioners during patient
handoffs.
-The study thoroughly examines the difficulties associated with AI integration in
acute care, emphasizing the importance of open communication between AI and
physicians. It highlights the various intricacies of medical practice that AI may not
fully understand while acknowledging the potential benefits of AI in medical
decision-making while also raising serious concerns about the risks associated with it.
The suggested steps for medical education adoption show a careful approach to
educating medical professionals for the future, ensuring they can work well with AI
systems while upholding patient safety and high standards of care.
Saleh Ibrahim, Y., Khalid Al-Azzawi, W., Hamad Mohamad, A. A., Nouri Hassan, A., &
Meraf, Z. (2022). Perception of the Impact of Artificial Intelligence in the DecisionMaking Processes of Public Healthcare Professionals. Journal of Environmental and
Public Health, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8028275
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-This article examines how artificial intelligence (AI) is affecting how doctors of
optometry and dentists make decisions in the medical field. The study assesses the
technology employed and the advantages, difficulties, and views on the effects of AI.
Diagnoses are aided in ophthalmology by technologies like fundus photography and
optical coherence tomography, which are widely used.
-The integration of AI in ophthalmology and dentistry is thoroughly analyzed in this
study, highlighting major innovations and practical uses. The paper does an excellent
job of highlighting advantages, including better patient satisfaction and diagnoses.
The examination is made more thorough by including issues like cost and credibility.
However, the study recognizes the value of human participation and highlights the
indispensable nature of healthcare workers in patient care. The thoughtful approach
shown in the recommendations for additional research demonstrates the study’s
applicability to experts, programmers, and decision-makers in the developing field of
AI-driven healthcare.
Saqib, M., Iftikhar, M., Neha, F., Karishma, F., & Mumtaz, H. (2023). Artificial intelligence
in critical illness and its impact on patient care: a comprehensive review. Frontiers in
Medicine, 10, 1176192. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1176192
-The possible uses of artificial intelligence (AI) in critical care are examined in this
article, focusing on how these technologies can improve patient outcomes by
recognizing diseases and foreseeing pathological changes. It also focuses on assisting
clinicians in making decisions, and providing recommendations that can be easily
understood. The report emphasizes the rising body of top-notch research in the area
while highlighting the potential of AI in tackling the difficulties of critical care
despite its limitations.
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-The paper thoroughly reviews AI’s potential in critical care, highlighting its
numerous applications from disease diagnosis to individualized patient care. The
report needs to, however, go into great detail on the unique restrictions and difficulties
faced by AI in critical care. Nevertheless, the essay is helpful because it sheds light on
the constantly changing environment of AI applications in healthcare while
emphasizing the necessity for continued study and ethical issues.
Thavanesan, N., Vigneswaran, G., Bodala, I., & Underwood, T. J. (2023). The Oesophageal
Cancer Multidisciplinary Team: Can Machine Learning Assist DecisionMaking?. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 27(4), 807-822.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-022-05575-8
-This study investigates how the Upper Gastrointestinal Multidisciplinary Team for
patients with oesophageal cancer might include machine learning (ML) methods in
their decision-making procedures. The study, which focuses on predictive tools to
improve patient outcomes, highlights the promise of ML in automating workflow,
extracting insights from imaging data, and improving complex decision-making in
treating oesophageal cancer. It also tackles difficulties such as data noise.
-The paper presents a distinctive viewpoint on how machine learning (ML) might be
used to inform decisions on how to treat oesophageal cancer. Its merits are a
comprehensive examination of the literature and articulating the Multidisciplinary
Team’s difficulties. It is a valuable tool that emphasizes the significance of datadriven tools in intricate healthcare contexts. It is pertinent to the research focus on
pediatric antibiotic use, needing more comparative analysis and in-depth answers to
problems.
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References
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