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In your rebuttals, argue against the position they have taken. Provide evidence in your rebuttals- why do you oppose their viewpoint?
You can choose a text response. Do not create new thread. Go into a thread and respond to the video by clicking Reply.
No personal attacks or name calling. Add emojis if needed.
Remember that tone comes across differently online and in text.
Do not use all CAPS, and remember that the person’s stance may not be their personal views.
Argue the evidence, not the person.
Don’t forget to respond to comments on your own videos. (Comments will be provided in the order that peers start comment)
Review the board and reply to students that do not have rebuttals yet. It is your job to keep your peers engaged and the debate lively with rebuttals!
Peer 1 Dahlia
Peer 2 Acosta
Peer 3: Hermes. Please find script below.
presenting the ethics of drug pricing.0:03
Why should drug companies should not charge whatever they want?0:12
In the. The U.S. pharmaceutical companies can set the prices of drugs, whatever they believe will be profitable and the market will bear.0:18
So nations like Australia and Germany utilize value based prices on making their drugs more valuable and cheaper for patients.0:29
So I do not permit drug companies to chart what they want because of ethical and societal and economic reasons.0:39
There’s a rationale for our stance behind that so that our ethical principles, economic considerations and societal implications.0:52
Well, healthcare is not a privilege because it is a fundamental right.1:05
There should be justice and fairness in prices. So having a fair price ensures that the cost of drugs is justifiable and reasonable,1:09
and it isn’t ethical for drug entities to set prices that focus on exploiting suffering patients.1:18
My stance advocates for justice and fairness in drug pricing.1:25
The process should be controlled because of healthcare budgets or health care1:32
systems incur significant costs as a result of expensive pharmaceuticals.1:35
The price prices should be controlled to avoid the monopoly power of pharmaceutical companies.1:40
And, you know, certain lifesaving medications are within the total control of those pharmaceutical companies.1:46
And when a business has complete control over a center, certain good or service, it is unrestricted in its ability to raise prices.1:53
Societal implications. We can mention that, you know, high drug prices have negative effects on public health.2:07
When people cannot afford medications, they may decide against seeking treatment or delay, seek any longer, which can harm public health.2:17
And if illnesses are not addressed, they may worsen impose greater health risk to everyone in society.2:27
Um, so we can mention that the United Nations in 1948, um, when.2:38
They created the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.2:46
It contained the idea that access to health care should be regarded as a fundamental2:54
right and everyone has the right to a reasonable quality of life in good health,3:00
including access to medical treatment.3:07
On equity and justice. Drug prices should be reasonable, and they should not discriminate against people based on their income or place of origin.3:12
There is some monopoly power.3:25
So due to their patents and exclusivity rights, several pharmaceutical companies,3:29
they can set prices without being concerned about competition from other companies thanks to the monopoly strength in.3:34
Lack of this competition leads to higher prices.3:44
So the high cost of pharmaceutical creates a significant financial problem.3:49
There are also some health disparities where vulnerable populations are disproportionately affected.3:57
The impact of pharmaceuticals being expensive and out of reach of people who are vulnerable and disadvantaged.4:05
Such as those who are low income or members of minority groups is greatest.4:15
So this difference have the greatest detrimental effect on them.4:21
And. Thus preventing them from receiving necessary medical care.4:25
There is also a negative public health outcome.4:34
So delay or foregone treatment due to cost.4:38
Patients who cannot afford expensive medications may decide not to receive4:44
therapy in resource decisions may worsen on which makes life more difficult.4:48
And it raises the cost of health care in the long run.4:57
It increases disease,5:03
transmission and morbidity where the spread of diseases and the number of sick people can increase when people cannot access the necessary therapies.5:04
And in consequence, communities may become less healthy as.5:14
As a result. And some theories supporting the position.5:22
So in this section, we shall discuss the moral principle that supports our conviction that medication5:30
firms should not be allowed to charge exorbitant prices without limitations.5:35
We will examine rules, theories of utilitarianism and justice.5:42
So on Rawls Theory of Justice, according to this theory.5:52
Fair resource distribution is crucial for society.6:03
An equitable society is one where inequalities are accepted only if they benefit the least fortunate.6:08
This notion contends that regardless, though, regardless of financial circumstances, everyone should have access to necessary medications.6:15
The goal of roles theory is to eliminate disparities in access to health care.6:26
It is unjust for everyone to have equal access to pharmaceuticals due to high prices, which is against the principle of justice and fairness.6:33
Utilitarianism.6:47
Well, we can mention that, um, according to the utilitarian ethical theory, the proposition is the one that would benefit society as a whole.6:50
It makes sense to support reasonable drug prices from a perspective that prioritizes serving society.7:01
The international drug price comparisons we can see on.7:15
And the table that the United States typically charges substantially higher prices for medicine is done.7:22
Other industrialized nations, according to to the table.7:29
This significant discrepancy highlights the need for change and provides clear evidence.7:37
There are also some economic studies that have demonstrated that it is more difficult for7:45
people to access the health care they require when medicine prices are excessively high.7:53
These may result in treatment delays and detrimental health effects.8:00
There are also some patient stories were real life examples of individuals.8:13
Explain. Struggling. Um. You know, the struggle.8:23
Um. To afford medication. In conclusion, drug companies should not be allowed to set prices without regulation.8:27
Understands is supported because of the economics, society and ethic.9:53
Rational people have the right to access quality health care.9:58
While companies should maintain the principle of justice and fairness.10:03
And the prices of drugs should be linked to the benefits.
Peer 4 Mauricio. Please find script attached below.
I’m going to talk. If all hospitals should be for non profit in this location.0:17
I am against that. Whatever for profit or nonprofit hospital.0:26
Hospitals are institutions in charge of that community’s welfare, and by providing medical care and people must have choices of money.0:33
Most U.S. hospitals are nonprofit institutions.0:45
However, we can deny that for profit hospitals provide many benefits that might not be found in nonprofit hospitals.0:49
Hearing this feature, you can get an idea of how many hospitals.1:02
Ah, for a nonprofit. How many for profit?1:08
And the number government of operate a hospitals.1:12
One of the reasons they are against nonprofit hospitals.1:20
Number one, how expensive? Percocet costing more money to operate, often fewer medical specialties and limited services,1:24
how less flexibility in the services they provide some billions of dollars in losses.1:35
They also receive tax rebates and grants that in many cases have not invested back in health projects or patient care improvement.1:46
Rather they use it. To pay more money to the board of trustees or CEOs.1:59
But the money cannot be redistributed or allocated.2:10
What is needed. So this created a bigger problem because doesn’t necessarily mean they losing money.2:16
They might be earning a lot of money, but they still function as a nonprofit.2:26
We also have the reason why for profit institutions are better for profits,2:34
health care and what efficient in terms of employees investing in equipment.2:43
And being more accurately using the resources for profit Hospitals are also more likely to offer parity in the services they provide for profit,2:53
often more flexibility in their services.3:06
For example, patients can choose from primary care physicians in hospitals for profit,3:10
so more a significant proportion of Medicaid patients for profit hospitals offer better through analogy.3:17
Markets to perform surgeries are less invasive and safer due to the technology they have to support their care.3:28
For profit hospitals invest more in technology and finding more care, and also research toward newer medications and procedures.3:41
For profit Hospitals also had the potential to serve as institutions, in other words, to work with community engagement.3:56
Ethical considerations are important when providing care autonomy.4:12
Which means respecting the wishes of patients so that their dynamic can be protected, been beneficial,4:18
to seek to act in the best interests of justice, to navigate through the due process, to determine where the limits on health care lie.4:28
Non moral efficiency. Investing may harm and determine how to avoid.4:41
In conclusion, nonprofit hospitals and for profit hospitals are institutions that have the same mission to be the best health providers,4:51
but that people are having for profit.5:03
Healthcare institutions give people more access to technology, more choices and flexibility in the health care services they demand.5:05
So for profit, hospitals have more than the just.5:16
Over in nonprofits hospitals.5:22
Just like in nonprofits, hospitals for profits, Hospitals also had the potential to serve as anchor institutions in other ways,5:25
as institutions, white community can get involved.5:34
Policy makers should grant the incentives to for profit hospitals to support community engagement.5:39
But also policymakers could do reforms that change the way.5:47
Hospitals that get paid to get better incentives to invest.5:56
Back to that community and maybe get discounts for the services for a large number of policyholders.6:03
And make a better health care system. Thank you.
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HEALTHCARE AS A RIGHT
An Argument for Healthcare as a Right
By Carey Acosta
PROBLEM STATEMENT
All individuals born in America should be entitled to
healthcare from birth, as stipulated in Article 25 of the
Second Bill of Rights. This article asserts that every American
has the fundamental right to access healthcare and mandates
states to establish a comprehensive healthcare system.
INTRODUCTION
• Healthcare should not be a luxury since it is a basic need
• The United States should be obligated to provide access
to healthcare for all people
• Equitable access to healthcare:
• Reduces the strain placed on hospital emergency rooms
• Improves the population health of communities
• Lowers overall financial burden of healthcare costs in
the United States
• Recognizing healthcare as a right shows that we recognize
the responsibility as communities to care for one another
HEALTHCARE AS A HUMAN RIGHT
• Healthcare as a human right is:
• Franklin D. Roosevelt introduced the 2nd Bill Of Rights in 1944 (Gerisch, 2018)
• The right to the highest attainable standard of health (WHO, 2022)
• Main components of healthcare as a human right:
• Accessibility
• Availability
• Quality
• Eliminating healthcare disparities is one of the Healthy People 2030 goals (Healthy
People 2030, 2023)
• Access to healthcare should not depend on a person’s socio-economic status
ETHICS
• Ethics is important in healthcare
• Healthcare as a right follows the ethical principles of dignity and beneficence
1 in 5 uninsured people
have had to go without
needed healthcare due to
cost (Tolbert et al., 2022)
• They are not given the dignity to
choose healthcare
Healthcare professionals are ethically
obligated to promote well-being and
do no harm (Haddad & Geiger, 2023)
• Healthcare as a right is the way to
promote well-being of all people in the
country
THEORY
• Social contract theory suggests that wellbalanced societies agree to principles that are
beneficial for all
• Healthcare as a right will create a more wellbalanced, healthy, and stable society that can
benefit from one another (Nunes et al., 2017)
• While there may be opposition to healthcare
as a right, 6 out of 10 Americans believe that
the government should provide healthcare
coverage to all (Kiley, 2018)
HOW HEALTHCARE AS A RIGHT CAN
HELP
Reduce the strain on hospitals
Access to urgent care centers led to a
21% decrease in the overall volume of
visits to the emergency department (ED)
made by individuals without insurance
and those covered by Medicaid
(Cummings & Hockenberry, 2021)
Decrease the financial burden for
the cost of uncompensated care in
the United States
Providing equitable access to
healthcare can improve population
health by providing education,
screening services, and preventative
care to underserved communities
(Thorton & Yang, 2023)
Uncompensated care can cost up to $33.6
billion in public funds to help cover costs
(Coughlin et al., 2021)
PROPOSED RESOLUTION
• The United States is the only high-income
country without universal healthcare coverage
(Mollman, 2022)
• The proposed resolution is to continue to
advocate to policymakers to recognize healthcare
as a human right
• We can use our professional experiences to
support the right policymakers who will
understand how recognizing healthcare as a
human right and providing equitable access can
improve our society’s well-being
REFERENCES
Coughlin, T. A., Samuel-Jakubos, H., & Garfield, R. (2021, April 6). Sources of Payment for Uncompensated Care for the Uninsured. KFF. https://www.kff.org/uninsured/issuebrief/sources-of-payment-for-uncompensated-care-for-the-uninsured/
Cummings, J. R., & Hockenberry, J. M. (2021). The impact of urgent care centers on nonemergent emergency department visits. Health Services Research, 56(4), 721–730.
Gerisch, M. (n.d.). The state of healthcare in the United States – American Bar Association. https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/the-state-ofhealthcare-in-the-united-states/state-of-healthcare/
Haddad, L. M. (2023, August 14). Nursing ethical considerations. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526054/
Healthy People 2030. (2023). Health equity in Healthy People 2030. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://health.gov/healthypeople/priority-areas/health-equityhealthy-people-2030
Kiley, J. (2018, October 3). Most continue to say ensuring health care coverage is government’s responsibility. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2018/10/03/most-continue-
to-say-ensuring-health-care-coverage-is-governments-responsibility/
REFERENCES
Mollman, M. (2022, August 9). Healthcare is a human right – but not in the United States. Harvard Public Health. https://harvardpublichealth.org/equity/health-care-is-a-humanright/
Nunes, R., Nunes, S. B., & Rego, G. (2017). Health care as a universal right. Journal of Public Health, 25(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-016-0762-3
Thornton, R. L. J., & Yang, T. J. (2023). Addressing population health inequities: investing in the social determinants of health for children and families to advance child health
equity. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 35(1), 8–13. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000001189
Tolbert, J., Drake, P., & Damico, A. (2022, December 19). Key facts about the uninsured population. KFF. https://www.kff.org/uninsured/issue-brief/key-facts-about-the-uninsuredpopulation/
World Health Organization. (2022, December 10). Human rights. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-rights-and-health
Should There Be
Physician-Assisted
Suicide?
DAHLIA BOYD
Introduction
Professor and fellow classmates, today we gather to discuss a
highly contentious topic: physician-assisted suicide. This issue
raises critical questions regarding the sanctity of life, medical
ethics, and the role of healthcare professionals. As a
representative against the legalization of physician-assisted
suicide, I firmly believe that the practice should not be allowed. I
will present my rationale based on ethical principles, theories,
and evidence, highlighting the potential risks and offering
alternative solutions.
Stance
I argue against the legalization of physician-assisted suicide. It is
crucial to prioritize preserving life and promoting compassionate
care for terminally ill patients. Instead of endorsing a practice that
potentially compromises the sanctity of life, we should focus on
enhancing palliative care and support systems to alleviate
suffering.
Rational Sanctity of Life
The principle of the sanctity of life forms the foundation of
medical ethics. Allowing physicians to actively participate in
ending a patient’s life challenges this principle and may lead to a
slippery slope where the value of life is diminished. Legalizing
physician-assisted suicide risks devaluing the vulnerable and
marginalized members of society.
Potential for Abuse
Legalizing physician-assisted suicide creates the possibility of
abuse and coercion. It becomes challenging to ensure that
patients are freely making the decision without external
influences, such as financial burdens or family pressures.
Safeguards may not be sufficient to prevent wrongful deaths or
protect vulnerable individuals, particularly those with mental
health issues or limited access to adequate healthcare
Palliative Care Solutions
Instead of resorting to physician-assisted suicide, we should
prioritize improving palliative care services. Palliative care
focuses on enhancing the quality of life for terminally ill patients
through pain management, emotional support, and holistic care.
By investing in palliative care, we can offer compassionate
alternatives to end-of-life suffering, ensuring that patients are
supported with dignity and respect until their natural death.
Ethical Principles
I draw upon the ethical principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, and autonomy to support my stance. Beneficence
and non-maleficence emphasize the duty to promote well-being
and prevent harm to patients. Legalizing physician-assisted
suicide risks violating these principles by introducing potential
harm and undermining the trust between patients and healthcare
providers. Additionally, autonomy is essential, but it must be
considered in the context of the greater societal implications and
the potential consequences for vulnerable individuals.
Theories and Evidence
The slippery slope argument warns that the legalization of
physician-assisted suicide may lead to an expansion of the
criteria beyond terminally ill patients, potentially including nonterminal conditions or even non-voluntary cases. This concern is
supported by evidence from countries where physician-assisted
suicide is legal, such as the Netherlands and Belgium, where the
criteria have gradually expanded.
Theories and Evidence
The slippery slope argument warns that the legalization of
physician-assisted suicide may lead to an expansion of the
criteria beyond terminally ill patients, potentially including nonterminal conditions or even non-voluntary cases. This concern is
supported by evidence from countries where physician-assisted
suicide is legal, such as the Netherlands and Belgium, where the
criteria have gradually expanded.
Proposed Solution
Rather than embracing physician-assisted suicide, we should
advocate for comprehensive palliative care programs that
prioritize patient comfort, emotional support, and pain
management. By investing in these services and ensuring their
widespread availability, we can provide a compassionate and
dignified approach to end-of-life care.
Citations
1. Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 7th ed. Oxford University Press; 2019.
2. Emanuel EJ, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, Urwin JW, Cohen J. Attitudes and Practices of Euthanasia and PhysicianAssisted Suicide in the United States, Canada, and Europe. JAMA. 2016;316(1):79-90.
3. Ganzini L, Goy ER, Dobscha SK. Prevalence of depression and anxiety in patients requesting physicians’ aid in dyin
cross sectional survey. BMJ. 2008;337:a1682.
4. Oregon Public Health Division. Death with Dignity Act Annual Reports. Accessed July 2023.
[https://www.oregon.gov/oha/PH/PROVIDERPARTNERRESOURCES/EVALUATIONRESEARCH/DEATHWITHDIGNIT
CT/Pages/index.aspx]
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