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CASE B: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE TEMPLATE
Please erase ?, …, and ___ – Please use a different color that black for your answers!!!!!!!
1. Descriptive epidemiology involves …
2. A population is …
3. Measures of frequency include …
Measures of association report …
Measures of impact assess …
4. A ratio represents …
The proportion…
The rate … The rate is generally expressed as …
5. Ratio of heart attacks – ?/? = ?, or men have _______ times the number of heart attacks
in this population;
Proportion of heart attacks in men ?/? = ? or = ?%, or ___ percent of the heart attacks in
this sample occur among men;
Heart attack rate ?/? × ? = ? per ?. Therefore, the rate of heart attacks among men is ? per
?.
6. Ratio white to black of females – There are ? / ? = ? times as many white women age 20
years and older with diabetes compared with black women in the same age group.
It tells you …
It doesn’t tell you …
7. Proportion – ?/? = ?,
It tells you …
It does not tell / allow you …
8. White women have a rate of (?/?) × ? = ? per ? and black women have a rate of (?/?) × ? =
? per ?.
Comparison – ?/? = ?. Black women have ___ times the rate of diabetes as white women.
9. Ratio of hypertension among Whites vs Blacks – ?/? = ? times as much hypertension in
whites versus blacks,
The proportion of Hypertension in White males – ?/? = ? of the white males have
hypertension.
Rates are (?/?) × ? = ? per ? among whites, and ?/? × ? = ? per ? among blacks
relative risk of ?/? = ?, or blacks have ____ times the prevalence rate of hypertension as
whites.
10. Incidence measures …
Prevalence measures …
The difference between point prevalence and period prevalence is …
11. Incidence rates can be used for …
Prevalence rates can be used for …
12. See Exhibit B.3. – Fill in values for highlighted portion of the table
Exhibit B.3 Number of US Residents (in thousands) with Five Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Prevalence (in thousands)
Prevalence rate (per 100)
White
White
Black
Black
White
White
Black
Males
Females Males
Females Males
Females
Males
18,847
16,998
2,956
2,118
Smoking
prevalence1
Obesity (>=30
27,422
27,522
BMI)2
Cholesterol
32,858
38,785
>200mg/d2
High blood
27,098
25,998
pressure2
Diabetes mellitus2
6,247
5,250
1: age 19 and older; 2: age 20 and older
Source: Go et al. (2013).
4,723
7,560
4,810
5,709
5,309
6,592
1,682
2,160
13. Cumulative incidence refers to …
Incidence rate refers to …
Incidence density refers to ….
14. Please read Page 554 – Cumulative five-year incidence rate of Heart Disease among
coffee drinkers (Group 1)- (? / ?) × ? = ? cases per ? persons
15. Please read Page 554 – Cumulative five-year incidence rate of Heart Disease among noncoffee drinkers (Group 2) – (? / ?) × ? = ? per ? persons
16. 90 persons, each at risk for all 5 years and didn’t get HD, so 90 × 5 = 450 patient-years
? persons, each at risk for 3 years before developing HD, so ? × ? = ? patient-years
? persons, each at risk for 4 years before developing HD, so ? × ? = ? patient-years
? persons, each at risk for 2 years before leaving study, so ? × ? = ? patient-years
? persons, each at risk for 4 years before dying so ? × ? = ? patient-years
Total person years = 450 + ? + ? + ? + ? = ? patient-years
Black
Females
17. 100 persons, each at risk for all 5 years and didn’t get HD, so 100 × 5 = 500 patient-years
? persons, each at risk for 1 year before developing HD, so ? × ? = ? patient-years
? persons, each at risk for 2 years before developing HD, so ? × ? = ? patient-years
? persons, each at risk for 4 years before leaving study, so ? × ? = ? patient-years
? persons, each at risk for 3 years before dying, so ? × ? = ? patient-years
Total person years = 500 + ? + ? +? + ? = ? person-years
18. Incidence Density Rate for Coffee Drinkers – (? /?) × ? = ? cases per ? person-years
19. Incidence Density Rate for Coffee Drinkers – (? /?) × ? = ? cases per ? person-years
20. Cumulative Incidence – Incidence of HD in coffee drinkers / Incidence of Heart Disease
(HD) in non–coffee drinkers = ? / ? = ? so coffee drinkers are ? times more likely to get
HD than non–coffee drinkers
21. Cumulative Incidence Density – Incidence density of HD in coffee drinkers / Incidence
density of HD in non–coffee drinkers = ? / ? = ? so coffee drinkers are ? times more likely
to get HD than non–coffee drinkers
22. See Exhibit B.5
Prevalence rates:
white males ? /? × ? = ? per ?;
white females: ? /? × ? = ? per ?;
black males: ? / ? × ? = ? per ?;
black females: ? /? × ? = ? per ?.
Incidence rates:
white males; ? /? × ? = ? per ?;
white females: ? / ? × ? = ? per ?;
black males: ? /? × ? = ? per ?;
black females: ? / ? × ? = ? per ?.
If we reorganize the formula prevalence (P) = incidence (I) × duration, we demonstrate
that the ratio of prevalence to incidence equals duration. This gives us some idea of the
average duration with the disease assuming a steady state system:
white males: ? years;
white females: ? years;
black males: ? years;
black females: ? years.
Fill in values for highlighted portion of the table using calculations from above
Exhibit B.5 Number of US Residents (in Thousands) with Prevalent or Incident Congestive
Heart Failure (CHF), Age 45 and Older, 2010
Number of US Residents (in
Rate (per 1,000)
Thousands)
White White
Black Black
White
White
Black
Black
Males Females Males Females Males
Females Males
Females
Prevalent
1,783
1,439
CHF
Incident
253
232
CHF
Source: Go et al. (2013)
511
421
44
40
23. New Incidence Rates:
White males: ? / (? – ?) × ? = ? per ?;
white females: ? / (? – ?) × ? = ? per ?;
black males: ? / (? – ?) × ? = ? per ?;
black females: ? / (? – ?) × ? = ? per ?.
The rates …
24. Prevalence denominator: ? million + ? million (44-year-olds) – ? million (deaths) = ?
million estimated for 2011;
incidence denominator: ? million – ? million (existing cases) + ? million (44-year-olds) –
2.5 million (deaths) = ? million;
prevalence rate: ? / ? × ? = ? per ?;
incidence: ? / ? × ? = ? per ?
25. Numerator issues include …
Denominator issues include …
The time period must be …
26. Read 556 – 557
Relative Risk:
Men: ? / ? = ?
women ? / ? = ?
The results were ____________ the meta analysis
_____ have a higher relative risk than ___, which means that ____ is a somewhat
stronger risk factor for _____ among ____.
_____with MS are _____ times as likely to develop cardiovascular disease as those
without MS.
_______ with MS are _____ times as likely to develop cardiovascular disease as those
without MS.
27. Men: ? – ? = ? per ?, this means that ? per ? cases of CVD among men can be attributed
to MS; .
Women: ? – ? = ? per ?, this means that ? per ? cases of CVD among women can be
attributed to MS.
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