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write a Annotated Bibliography of 5 articlesyou can find the sample and the steps to write the Annotated Bibliography in 2020 research guide on page 21
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REFERANCE
Wang, Z., & Chen, S. (2023). Senior’s Perceived Barriers to Accessing an Urban Charitable Food
Assistance Program. Journal of Nutrition Education & Behavior, 55(7), 5–6.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2023.05.014
Mavegam Tango Assoumou, Coughenour, C., Godbole, A., & McDonough, I. (2023). Senior food
insecurity in the USA: a systematic literature review. Public Health Nutrition, 26(1), 229–245.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980022002415
Gerst-Emerson, K., & Jayawardhana, J. (2015). RESEARCH AND PRACTICE. Loneliness as a Public
Health Issue: The Impact of Loneliness on Health Care Utilization Among Older Adults. American Journal
of Public Health, 105(5), 1013–1019. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302427
Locher, J. L., Robinson, C. O., Roth, D. L., Ritchie, C. S., & Burgio, K. L. (2005).
The effect of the presence of others on caloric intake in homebound older
adults. The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical
sciences, 60(11), 1475–1478. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/60.11.1475
Van Orden, Bower, E., Lutz, J., Silva, Gallegos, A., Podgorski, C. A., … & Conwell, Y. (2021).
Strategies to boosts social connections among older adults during “social distancing”
standards.
An
American
Journal
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.05.004
of
Geriatric
Psychiatry, 29(8),
816–827.
Research Proposal Guide
Dr. Angel Resto
2020
Contents
Section 1- Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3
Step 1: Defining the social problem ……………………………………………………………………………………………………3
Worksheet1: Defining the Social Problem ……………………………………………………………………………………3
Worksheet 2: Gathering evidence of the problem ……………………………………………………………………….4
Step 3: Identifying the cause of the problem ………………………………………………………………………………………5
Worksheet3: Identifying the causes of the problem …………………………………………………………………….5
Step 4 -Formulating Problem Statements ………………………………………………………………………………………….6
Worksheet 4 – Formulating Problem Statements………………………………………………………………………….6
Step 5: The Significance of the Study ………………………………………………………………………………………………….7
Worksheet 5: Significance/rationale of the study ………………………………………………………………………..7
Step 6: Measurement/Assessment of Variables/Constructs……………………………………………………………….8
Worksheet: Measurements/Assessments (Quantitative Research) …………………………………………….9
Worksheet: Measurements/Assessments (Qualitative Research) ……………………………………………. 10
Step 7: How to Write a Research Question ……………………………………………………………………………………… 11
Worksheet 7 – Research Question(s) ………………………………………………………………………………………… 12
Step 8- Formulating a Purpose Statement ……………………………………………………………………………………… 13
Worksheet 8 – Formulating Purpose statement ………………………………………………………………………… 14
Step 9: How to formulate the Hypothesis ………………………………………………………………………………………… 15
Worksheet 9 – Writing the Hypothesis………………………………………………………………………………………. 17
Step 9: Check up ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18
Worksheet 9- Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19
Step 10: Put it all together ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20
Section 2: Annotated Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21
Section 2: Literature Review ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 26
Section 3: Methodology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 28
Description of Research Method and Research Design ………………………………………………………………………. 28
Population and sample …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 29
Data collection procedures ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 30
Method of Statistical Data Analysis …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 30
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NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY
SOCIAL WORK PROGRAM
Research Proposal Guide
The Research Proposal is a complete description of the intended research, developed under the
supervision of the assigned supervisor. Through the full proposal, the student needs to demonstrate
convincingly that the study will make a contribution to a social work issue or problem. The full
research proposal must be between 5 and 10 pages and should present the following:
Section 1: Introduction
• Statement of the Problem
• Purpose/Significance/Rationale
• Research Questions
• Research Hypothesis (If applicable)
Section 2: Literature Review
• Methodology
• Study Population and Sampling
• Description of research design
• Instrumentation
Section 3: Data collection procedures
• Data analysis methods – if applicable statistical planning must be fully addressed or the
candidate should provide evidence that statistics are not required.
Study period – Timetable for completion of the project
References
Appendixes – (copy of questionnaire, consent forms, etc.)
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Section 1- Introduction
The following pages present several worksheets that you must complete to create your introduction
session.
Step 1: Defining the social problem
As a researcher, you will first need to select a problem topic and then specifically define a social
problem. A social problem is a condition that at least some people in a community view as being
undesirable.
Worksheet1: Defining the Social Problem
1. In one or two sentences, state the nature of the social problem that you plan to study.
2. What is the specific community location of the social problem?
3. List at least three undesirable social conditions that result from this problem:
1.
2.
3.
4. Next, discuss why a research is necessary.
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Step 2: Gathering evidence of the problem –Visit the library
The goal of this step is to develop problem solving skills through using the library/Internet.
Therefore, this step requires you to use the Internet to locate at least one reference to support the
existence of your problem.
Suppose you are doing a social problem with your agency or your community as the geopolitical
location. Try to locate statewide or national data on the problem that best matches your agency or
community. Then, you can contend that the data is applicable to your agency or community as well.
Worksheet 2: Gathering evidence of the problem
Your problem (phrase):
Present evidence that a problem exists. Be as specific as possible and cite at least one source
of data:
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Step 3: Identifying the cause of the problem
Medical researchers try to identify the causes of various diseases. They can develop a vaccine to
immunize people from contracting that disease. For example, Dr. Jonas Salk virtually eliminated
polio when he identified the virus that caused it, and then developed a vaccine. Likewise, if
researchers can identify the causes or factors that contribute to a social problem, then they can try
to develop public policies to eliminate or lessen those causes or factors.
Unlike the specific virus that causes polio, most social problems have numerous causes and
contributing factors. Some of the Internet/library resources that you used to complete the previous
step probably also contain information about causes and contributing factors. Review those articles
and brainstorm the causes and factors that contribute to your social problem. Record that
information on Worksheet 3.
Worksheet3: Identifying the causes of the problem
Briefly list several underlying factors that contribute to the problem that you have identified
(support these factors with evidence):
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Step 4 -Formulating Problem Statements
A persuasive problem statement consists of three parts: 1) the ideal, 2) the reality, and 3) the
consequences for the reader of the proposal. Well constructed problem statements will convince
your audience that the problem is real and worth having you investigate. Your strategy is one of
contrast: by situating the ideal scenario next to the situation as it exists, you cannot only persuade
the reader that a problem exists, but then go on to emphasize the consequences of ignoring or
addressing the problem. Remember, your problem statement is the backbone of the proposal. By
giving careful consideration to how you construct it now (for the proposal), you can use it when
doing your research and writing for the proposal.
Worksheet 4 – Formulating Problem Statements
STATEMENT 1 (DESCRIPTION OF THE IDEAL SCENARIO)
Describe the goals, desired state, or the values that your audience considers important and that are
relevant to the problem.
(BUT)
Connect statements 1 and 2 using a term such as “but,” “however,” “Unfortunately,” or “in spite of”;
STATEMENT 2 (THE REALITY OF THE SITUATION)
Describe a condition that prevents the goal, state, or value discussed in statement 1 from being
achieved or realized at the present time.
STATEMENT 3 (THE CONSEQUENCES FOR THE AUDIENCE)
Using specific details, show how the situation in statement 2 contains little promise of improvement
unless something is done. Then emphasize the benefits of research by projecting the consequences
of possible solutions as well.
Source: http://www.personal.psu.edu/cvm115/proposal/propassign.htm
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Step 5: The Significance of the Study
The Significance of the study describes the contributions of the study as new knowledge, make
findings more conclusive. It cites the usefulness of the study to the specific groups. Cite all the
persons and groups that benefited on your study/research. Include a short explanation regarding
how those persons and groups benefited from the study. (How the research study will help them?)
Worksheet 5: Significance/rationale of the study
Why you are doing the study?
What do you hope to achieve by completing the study?
What benefits will your research bring to the social work field?
How it will be helpful? To whom? And Why?
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Step 6: Measurement/Assessment of Variables/Constructs
Assignment goals:
• If quantitative methods are to be used in your research, your goal is to identify and define
variables/constructs, how they will be measured (that is, locating measures/instruments)
and assess their reliability and validity
• If qualitative methods are to be used in your research, your goal is to review the assessment
of constructs identified in for your research, along with issues of credibility, dependability,
and integrity.
Measurements/Assessments Assignment
For this assignment you will scan your annotated bibliography for information about how others
have identified and operationally defined the variables/constructs that are similar to the ones you
have identified for your research project.
• For qualitative research you will have to identify the variables and how the literature
addresses how these variables are measured. You need to also describe what data collection
tool will be use to collect this data.
For example: if you are interested in measuring “stress level”, you need to search for literature about
how stress can be measured, and what instrument can be used to measure stress. Make sure you
address how reliable and valid these instruments are to measure these variables.
• For qualitative research, you will need to focus on the way in which constructs/themes, etc.,
are to be assessed in a manner that establishes credibility, dependability, and integrity.
For example: If you are interested in describe how people feel after the death of a family member, you
need to search how the literature assess how people feel after the death of a family member. Then you
will replicate what the literature has done.
Use APA style in preparing your paper and citing references (i.e., the paper should follow APA for
all paper and text formatting). The paper should be a minimum of 2 pages in length, excluding the
title page and references. Revisions may be necessary based on faculty mentor feedback.
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Worksheet: Measurements/Assessments (Quantitative Research)
For this assignment you will scan your annotated bibliography for information about how others
have identified and operationally defined the variables/constructs that are similar to the ones you
have identified for your research project.
Dependent variable:
Definition: How does the literature define this variable?
Assessment:
Explain how does the literature measure this variable?
What data collection tool does the literature suggest to use to measure this variable?
Reference: List the source in APA style
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Worksheet: Measurements/Assessments (Qualitative Research)
If qualitative methods are to be used in your research, your goal is to review the assessment of
constructs identified in for your research, along with issues of credibility, dependability, and
integrity.
Describe the construct:
Discuss how the literature measures this construct in terms of credibility and dependability?
(How you as a researcher will ensure the exploration of this construct will maintain credibility,
and dependability).
Reference: List the source in APA style
Credibility
The credibility criteria involves establishing that the results of qualitative research are credible or
believable from the perspective of the participant in the research. Since from this perspective, the
purpose of qualitative research is to describe or understand the phenomena of interest from the
participant’s eyes, the participants are the only ones who can legitimately judge the credibility of
the results. (source; http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/qualval.php)
Dependability
The traditional quantitative view of reliability is based on the assumption of replicability or
repeatability. Essentially it is concerned with whether we would obtain the same results if we
could observe the same thing twice. But we can’t actually measure the same thing twice — by
definition if we are measuring twice, we are measuring two different things. In order to estimate
reliability, quantitative researchers construct various hypothetical notions (e.g., true score theory)
to try to get around this fact.
The idea of dependability, on the other hand, emphasizes the need for the researcher to account
for the ever-changing context within which research occurs. The research is responsible for
describing the changes that occur in the setting and how these changes affected the way the
research approached the study. (source; http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/qualval.php)
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Step 7: How to Write a Research Question
Source: http://writingcenter.gmu.edu/resources-template.php?id=59
What is a research question?
A research question is a clear, focused, concise, complex and arguable question around which
you center your research. You should ask a question about an issue that you are genuinely curious
about.
Why is a research question essential to the research process?
Research questions help writers focus their research by providing a path through the research and
writing process. The specificity of a well-developed research question helps writers avoid the “allabout” paper and work toward supporting a specific, arguable thesis.
Steps to developing a research question:
Choose an interesting general topic. Even directed academic research should focus on a topic
in which the writer is at least somewhat personally invested. Writers should choose a broad
topic about which they genuinely would like to know more. An example of a general topic
might be “Slavery in the American South” or “Films of the 1930s.”
Do some preliminary research on your general topic. Do a few quick searches in current
periodicals and journals on your topic to see what’s already been done and to help you
narrow your focus. What questions does this early research raise?
Consider your audience. For most college papers, your audience will be academic, but always
keep your audience in mind when narrowing your topic and developing your question.
Would that particular audience be interested in this question?
Start asking questions. Taking into consideration all of the above, start asking yourself openended “how” and “why” questions about your general topic. For example, “How did the slave
trade evolve in the 1850s in the American South?” or “Why were slave narratives effective
tools in working toward the abolishment of slavery?”
Evaluate your question.
Is your research question clear? With so much research available on
any given topic, research questions must be as clear as possible in
order to be effective in helping the writer direct his or her research.
A Research Question identifies the phenomenon to be studied. For example,
“What resources are helpful to new and minority drug abuse researchers?”
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Worksheet 7 – Research Question(s)
Write your research question(s)
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Step 8- Formulating a Purpose Statement
A purpose statement announces the purpose, scope, and direction of the paper. It tells the reader
what to expect in a paper and what the specific focus will be.
Common beginnings include:
“This paper examines . . .,” “The aim of this paper is to . . .,” and “The purpose of this essay is
to . . .”
A purpose statement makes a promise to the reader about the development of the argument but
does not preview the particular conclusions that the writer has drawn.
A purpose statement usually appears toward the end of the introduction. The purpose statement
may be expressed in several sentences or even an entire paragraph.
A purpose statement is specific enough to satisfy the requirements of the assignment. Purpose
statements are common in research papers in some academic disciplines, while in other disciplines
they are considered too blunt or direct. For example:
This paper will examine the ecological destruction of the Sahel preceding the drought and the
causes of this disintegration of the land. The focus will be on the economic, political, and social
relationships which brought about the environmental problems in the Sahel.
Sample Purpose and Problem statements
The following example combines a purpose statement and a problem statement (bold).
The goal of this paper is to examine the effects of Chile’s agrarian reform on the lives of rural
peasants. The nature of the topic dictates the use of both a chronological and a comparative
analysis of peasant lives at various points during the reform period. . . The Chilean reform
example provides evidence that land distribution is an essential component of both the
improvement of peasant conditions and the development of a democratic society. More
extensive and enduring reforms would likely have allowed Chile the opportunity to
further expand these horizons.
Source: Adapted from http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/Thesis_or_Purpose.html
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Worksheet 8 – Formulating Purpose statement
Example 1:
I’m studying: (Add Topic here)
,to find out (Add research question here)
, in order to (Add significance/rationale here )
Example 2:
The Purpose/aim of this study is to find out (add research question)
in order to (add significance/rationale of the study)
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Step 9: How to formulate the Hypothesis
(Complete this step if you are conducting a Quantitative Research)
Hypothesis is a tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that
can be tested by further investigation. Something taken to be true for the purpose of argument or
investigation; an assumption.
How To Correctly Write A Hypothesis
One of the most important skills a scientist has is his/her ability to write a good hypothesis. For
today’s homework you will be practicing how to write a hypothesis correctly.
Here a few of the basic steps. There are three basic types of hypotheses: the directional hypothesis
(one-tail), the non-directional hypothesis (two-tail) and null hypothesis (statistical hypothesis). The
directional hypothesis states the direction of the difference or relationship. The Non-directional
hypothesis does not specify direction and the Null hypothesis states that there is no relationship
among variables.
So how should you write a hypothesis? First, identify what the problem is. If you fail to identify the
problem, you most certainly will have difficulty writing the hypothesis. Second, make an educated
guess as to what direction of the relationship or difference is. Third, identify the major variables.
Now you are ready to write a hypothesis. Start by stating the directional hypothesis in a simple
declarative statement. Do not use the terms “I think” to start the hypothesis. Now that you have
given written the directional hypothesis, write the non-directional hypothesis.
Practice:
1. Mark believes that groceries at Costco will be less expensive than groceries at Safeway.
Write a directional, non- directional, and null hypothesis related to Mark’s observation.
Directional Hypothesis___________________________________________________
Non-Directional Hypothesis_________________________________________________
Null Hypothesis________________________________________________
2. Leslie has observed that more small dogs are adopted at animal shelters than large
dogs. Write a directional, non- directional, and null hypothesis related to Leslie’s
observation.
Directional Hypothesis___________________________________________________
Non-Directional Hypothesis_________________________________________________
Null Hypothesis________________________________________________
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3. Amy believes that as the number of years of driving experience people have increases
the number of speeding tickets they receive decreases. Write a directional, nondirectional, and null hypothesis related to Amy’s observation.
Directional Hypothesis___________________________________________________
Non-Directional Hypothesis_________________________________________________
Null Hypothesis________________________________________________
5. Roger has observed that students who take honors classes in college are less likely to
drop out of college than students who do not. Write a directional, non- directional, and
null hypothesis related to Roger’s observation.
Directional Hypothesis___________________________________________________
Non-Directional Hypothesis_________________________________________________
Null Hypothesis________________________________________________
Source: http://www.angelfire.com/scifi/ricks/hypothesis.html
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Worksheet 9 – Writing the Hypothesis
Chose one (Directional or Non-directional)
Directional Hypothesis
H1:
Null Hypothesis
H0:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Non- Directional Hypothesis
H1:
Null Hypothesis
H0:
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Step 9: Check up
Please use the following example as a tool to measure your progress so far. Complete
worksheet 8- summary.
Example: Summary:
Provide background (Problem Statement) for the issues
Much collegiate sportswear is produced in sweatshops in third world countries. Laborers earn
pennies a day under horrible working conditions. Yet consumers pay exorbitant prices for these
goods.
Summarize the purpose of your project and how you will accomplish it
This paper will examine the degree to which consumers are able to influence corporations to do
business in a socially responsible manner. Therefore, I will identify instances of abuses in the
collegiate sportswear industry and demonstrate how consumers can make an impact upon
corporations.
Include a “working title”
Impact of Ethical Consumerism on laborers in poor countries
Indicate questions to be answered
Key question: “What impact can ethical consumerism have on corporations and the environment?”
Sub-questions: “What statistical results have been compiled by those who support ethical
consumerism?” “Has Nike improved working conditions in their overseas manufacturing plants
since their negative publicity?”
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Worksheet 9- Summary
Provide background (Problem Statement) for the issues
Summarize the purpose of your project and how you will accomplish it
Include a “working title”
Indicate questions to be answered
Adapted from : http://webs.anokaramsey.edu/literacy/ws1.pdf
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Step 10: Put it all together
Instructions:
• Quantitative research- Complete the file: Introduction Guide Fill-in template (You can find
this file on Blackboard/Course document)
• Qualitative Research- Complete the file: Introduction Guide Fill-in Qualitative template
(You can find this file on Blackboard/Course document)
How to complete the template
These templates are created to simplify the completion of the introduction section. Please note that
the template is formatted following the guidelines posted in the syllabus. In the temple you will find
a cover page, the problem statement, the research question(s) and the hypothesis (if applicable).
Simply fill in the information requested on each page. You will also notice some paragraphs in red.
This information in RED provides instructions and examples that you can follow to complete this
assignment. Make sure you delete these red paragraphs when completing the assignment.
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Section 2: Annotated Bibliography
Annotated Bibliography:
Source: http://olinuris.library.cornell.edu/ref/research/skill26.htm
WHAT IS AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY?
An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is
followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation.
The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the
sources cited.
THE PROCESS
Creating an annotated bibliography calls for the application of a variety of intellectual skills: concise
exposition, succinct analysis, and informed library research.
1. Locate and record citations to books, periodicals, and documents that may contain useful
information and ideas on your topic. Briefly examine and review the actual items. Then
choose those works that provide a variety of perspectives on your topic.
2. Cite the book, article, or document using the appropriate style.
3. Write a concise annotation that summarizes the central theme and scope of the book or
article. Include one or more sentences that (a) evaluate the authority or background of the
author, (b) comment on the intended audience, (c) compare or contrast this work with
another you have cited, or (d) explain how this work illuminates your bibliography topic.
SAMPLE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY FOR A JOURNAL ARTICLE
The following example uses the APA format for the journal citation.
Waite, L. J., Goldschneider, F. K., & Witsberger, C. (1986). Nonfamily living and the erosion of
traditional family orientations among young adults. American Sociological Review, 51 (4), 541-554.
The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown University, use data from the National
Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test their hypothesis that nonfamily living
by young adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and expectations, moving them away from their
belief in traditional sex roles. They find their hypothesis strongly supported in young females, while
the effects were fewer in studies of young males. Increasing the time away from parents before
marrying increased individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about families. In
contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited below shows no significant gender differences in sex
role attitudes as a result of nonfamily living.
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Critically Analyzing Information Sources
You can begin evaluating a physical information source (a book or an article for instance) even
before you have the physical item in hand. Appraise a source by first examining the bibliographic
citation. The bibliographic citation is the written description of a book, journal article, essay, or
some other published material that appears in a catalog or index. Bibliographic citations
characteristically have three main components: author, title, and publication information. These
components can help you determine the usefulness of this source for your paper. (In the same way,
you can appraise a Web site by examining the home page carefully.)
I. INITIAL APPRAISAL
A. Author
1. What are the author’s credentials–institutional affiliation (where he or she works), educational
background, past writings, or experience? Is the book or article written on a topic in the author’s
area of expertise? You can use the various Who’s Who publications for the U.S. and other countries
and for specific subjects and the biographical information located in the publication itself to help
determine the author’s affiliation and credentials.
2. Has your instructor mentioned this author? Have you seen the author’s name cited in other
sources or bibliographies? Respected authors are cited frequently by other scholars. For this reason,
always note those names that appear in many different sources.
3. Is the author associated with a reputable institution or organization? What are the basic values
or goals of the organization or institution?
B. Date of Publication
1. When was the source published? This date is often located on the face of the title page below the
name of the publisher. If it is not there, look for the copyright date on the reverse of the title page.
On Web pages, the date of the last revision is usually at the bottom of the home page, sometimes
every page.
2. Is the source current or out-of-date for your topic? Topic areas of continuing and rapid
development, such as the sciences, demand more current information. On the other hand, topics in
the humanities often require material that was written many years ago. At the other extreme, some
news sources on the Web now note the hour and minute that articles are posted on their site.
C. Edition or Revision
Is this a first edition of this publication or not? Further editions indicate a source has been revised
and updated to reflect changes in knowledge, include omissions, and harmonize with its intended
reader’s needs. Also, many printings or editions may indicate that the work has become a standard
source in the area and is reliable. If you are using a Web source, do the pages indicate revision dates?
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D. Publisher
Note the publisher. If the source is published by a university press, it is likely to be scholarly.
Although the fact that the publisher is reputable does not necessarily guarantee quality, it does show
that the publisher may have high regard for the source being published.
E. Title of Journal
Is this a scholarly or a popular journal? This distinction is important because it indicates different
levels of complexity in conveying ideas.
II. CONTENT ANALYSIS
Having made an initial
