Description
Locate the U.S. National Library of Medicine’s MedlinePlus webpage- explore it. Use Older Americans 2020: Key Indicators of Well-Being. Review Health Risks and Behaviors (PAGE 34). Indicator 26 Obesity (Page 40). Find table 26 (Page 114) <<<<< Research topic! Assess the presented data. Write an op-ed journal article (see "Supplemental" section) addressing the following issues: Discuss the specific public health issue you chose (OBESITY- SEE ABOVE). Make sure to have a short summary and do not go into clinical details of specific issues. Your discussion needs to be centered around social policies promoting the issue, the country/state expenditure directed to prevent, treat, and address the individual but, more importantly, the public consequences of the matter. Remember about epidemiological indicators, workforce and business losses, informal caregiving, and social consequences for the families and state. Evaluate the stakeholders interested in addressing this public health issue. Remember to discuss the governance bodies as well as community partners. Define specific role in public health efforts directed toward this matter (epi markers and expenditure) reduction. Assess the collaborative efforts among the stakeholders and identify gaps (or excellence) in the partnerships/collaborative efforts between the stakeholders. Make sure to offer supportive evidence to demonstrate either. Assess the status of the existing social policies directed to minimize the damage to the individual and community as well as offer 1-2 new (different) social policies to be introduced and directed to minimize the negative behaviors and public health outcomes. Make sure to provide evidence supporting your ideas. Define the communication and leadership tools and strategies useful in convincing the public and the Governance bodies in considering the policies you recommended. Explain why you recommended these tools and who your audience is for each. Try not to exceed 10 pages plus the title and reference pages. All evidence must be cited and referenced in APA 7th Edition. A minimum of 6 references. Supplemental: Ten simple rules for writing scientific op-ed articles - https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008187 How to Write a Perspective and Opinion Article - https://jle.hse.ru/pop Myths and Truths About Publishable Journal Articles - https://www.insidehighered.com/advice/2019/07/18/how-write-publishable-journal-article-opinion Unformatted Attachment Preview 2020 Older Americans Key Indicators of Well-Being Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics The Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics (Forum) was founded in 1986 to foster collaboration among Federal agencies that produce or use statistical data on the older population. Forum agencies as of September 2020 are as follows: Consumer Product Safety Commission https://www.cpsc.gov/ Department of Commerce U.S. Census Bureau https://www.census.gov/ Department of Health and Human Services Department of Housing and Urban Development https://www.hud.gov/ Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics https://www.bls.gov/ Administration for Community Living https://acl.gov/ Employee Benefits Security Administration https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ebsa Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality https://www.ahrq.gov/ Department of Veterans Affairs Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services https://www.cms.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency National Center for Health Statistics https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ Office of Management and Budget National Institute on Aging https://www.nia.nih.gov/ Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation https://aspe.hhs.gov/ https://www.va.gov/ https://www.epa.gov/ Office of Statistical and Science Policy https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/ Social Security Administration Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics https://www.ssa.gov/ Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration https://www.samhsa.gov/ Copyright information: All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission; citation as to source, however, is appreciated. Recommended citation: Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics. (2020). Older Americans 2020: Key indicators of well-being. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Report availability: Single copies of this report are available at no charge through the Government Printing Office, 8660 Cherry Lane, Laurel, MD 20707, laurelwms@gpo.gov. This report is also available at https://agingstats.gov. Older Americans 2020 Key Indicators of Well-Being Foreword Older Americans (those age 65 and over) are a vibrant and growing part of our Nation. They also experience unique challenges to their economic well-being, health, and independence. To inform decisions regarding the support and well-being of older Americans, robust statistics reflecting these experiences are needed. Although many Federal agencies provide statistics on aspects of older Americans’ lives, it can be difficult to fit the pieces together into a comprehensive representation. Thus, it is important for policymakers and the general public to have an accessible, easy-to-understand portrait of how older Americans fare. Older Americans 2020: Key Indicators of Well-Being (Older Americans 2020) provides a comprehensive, easy-to-understand picture of our older population. Older Americans 2020 is the eighth report prepared by the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics (Forum). It provides readers with an accessible compendium of indicators drawn from the most reliable and recent official statistics. The indicators are categorized into six broad groups: Population, Economics, Health Status, Health Risks and Behaviors, Health Care, and Environment. Recognizing that Federal agencies will continue to collect and report data on older Americans over time, these metrics will broaden to address current knowledge gaps and emerging information needs. Measurement and reporting will improve to enhance the quality and utility of information. The statistics reported in this volume, while the most recent available, are based on data collected prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although many of these data collection systems have adapted to accommodate the emerging information needs related to the pandemic, COVID-19-related data were not available for inclusion in this report. However, provisional data show that the onset of COVID-19 has disproportionately impacted older Americans, resulting in higher mortality because older Americans are more likely to have chronic conditions that contribute to an increased risk of death. As of September 23, 2020, 79 percent (148,737/188,470) of deaths involving COVID-19, based on death certificate data received and coded by the National Center for Health Statistics, occurred among people age 65 and over.1 Established in 1986, the goal of the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics (Forum) is to bring together Federal agencies that share a common interest in improving aging-related data. As the population of older Americans continues to grow, the Forum continues its collaborative effort to provide reliable and relevant information on this vital component of our society. The Forum plays a key role in critically evaluating existing data resources and limitations, stimulating new database development, encouraging cooperation and data sharing among Federal agencies, and preparing collaborative statistical reports (https://www.agingstats.gov/about.html). The Forum appreciates users’ requests for greater detail for many existing indicators. We also extend an invitation to all readers and partners to let us know what else we can do to make our reports more accessible and useful. Please send any comments to agingforum@cdc.gov. The Older Americans reports reflect the Forum’s commitment to advancing our understanding of where older Americans stand today and what challenges they may face tomorrow. This work would not be possible without the continued cooperation of millions of American citizens who willingly provide the data that are summarized and analyzed by Federal agency staff for the American people. Office of the Chief Statistician, U.S. Office of Management and Budget iii Acknowledgments Older Americans 2020 is a report of the Forum. This report was prepared by the Forum’s planning committee and reviewed by its principal members, which include Vicki Gottlich and Susan Jenkins, Administration for Community Living (ACL); Joel W. Cohen, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ); Dorinda Allard, Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS); Roberto Ramirez, U.S. Census Bureau; Debra Reed-Gillette, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS); Steve Hanway, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission; Joseph Piacentini and Anja Decressin, Employee Benefits Security Administration (EBSA); Jennifer Madans and Julie Weeks, National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS); John Phillips and Georgeanne Patmios, National Institute on Aging (NIA); Gavin Kennedy and William Marton, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE), Department of Health and Human Services; Nancy Potok (retired), Office of Management and Budget (OMB); Elizabeth Lopez and Beth Han, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA); Katherine Bent and Natalie Lu, Social Security Administration (SSA); and Tom Garin and Melissa Chiu, Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). The Forum’s planning committee and contributing staff members include Traci Cook, Forum Staff Director; Caryn Bruyere, ACL; David Kashihara, AHRQ; Emy Sok, BLS; Wan He and Andrew Roberts, U.S. Census Bureau; Katherine Giuriceo and Nic Schluterman, CMS; Meena Bavan and Barry Steffen, Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD); Bobbie Joyeux iv and Lynn Pearce, EBSA; Ellen Kramarow, NCHS; Georgeanne Patmios, NIA; Helen Lamont, ASPE; Anthony Nerino Jr. and Margo Schwab, OMB; Beth Han and Jennifer Solomon, SAMHSA; Brad Trenkamp, SSA; Hazel Hiza, Department of Agriculture (USDA); and Tom Garin and Maggie Heimann, VA. In addition to the 16 agencies of the Forum, the USDA was invited to contribute to this report. The Forum greatly appreciates the efforts of Hazel Hiza, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, USDA, in providing valuable information from their agency. Other staff members of Federal agencies who provided data and assistance include Jennifer Klocinski, ACL; Rachel Krantz-Kent and Geoffrey Paulin, BLS; William Dean, Maria Diacogiannis, Chris McCormick, Maggie Murgolo, Joseph Regan, Laura Saffron, and Marina Vornovitsky, CMS; David Mintz, Environmental Protection Agency; Carolyn Lynch, HUD; Elizabeth Arias, Nazik Elgaddal, Cynthia L. Ogden, Manisha Sengupta, and Ashley Woodall, NCHS; Chris Tamborini, SSA; and Peter Ahn, VA. Member agencies of the Forum provided funds and valuable staff time to produce this report. NCHS and its contractor, the American Institutes for Research (AIR), facilitated the production, printing, and dissemination of this report. Susan Armstrong, Mandy Dean, Anita Lederer, Katie Mallory, Ashley Roberts, and Max Wylie managed the report’s production process and designed the layout; Richard Devens, First XV Communications, provided consultation and editing services. About This Report Introduction Older Americans 2020 marks 20 years since the first key indicators describing the overall condition of the U.S. population age 65 and over were released by the Forum. It is the eighth in a series of reports published by the Forum. The reports use data from more than a dozen national data sources to construct broad indicators of wellbeing for the older population and monitor changes over time. The data trends in these reports present information and opportunities that can improve the lives of older Americans. In 2016, the Forum conducted a conceptual and methodological review of report indicators and format according to established indicator selection criteria (see “Selection Criteria for Indicators”). This review ensures that the report continues to feature the most current topics and the most reliable, accurate, and accessible statistics. This report is intended to stimulate relevant and timely public discussions, encourage exchanges between the data and policy communities, and foster improvements in Federal data collection on older Americans. By examining a broad range of indicators, researchers, policymakers, and service providers can better understand the areas of wellbeing that are improving for older Americans as well as the areas that require more attention. Structure of the Report By presenting data in a nontechnical, user-friendly format, Older Americans 2020 complements other more technical and comprehensive reports from the individual Forum agencies. The report includes indicators grouped in six sections: Population, Economics, Health Status, Health Risks and Behaviors, Health Care, and Environment. Each indicator includes the following: • A paragraph describing the relevance of the indicator to the well-being of the older population. • One or more charts that illustrate important aspects of the data. • Bulleted data highlights. The data used in the indicators are presented in tables in the back of the report. Data source descriptions and a glossary are in the back matter. A timeline of selected historical events is also included on the back inside cover. For more detailed information on the practices and parameters for developing consistency in data reported across the report indicators, the Forum’s Operations and Practices and Parameters for Publications, Products, and Activities are available on the Forum’s website at https:// agingstats.gov. Selection Criteria for Indicators The Forum chose these indicators because they meet the following criteria: • Easy to understand by a wide range of audiences. • Based on reliable, nationwide data sponsored, collected, or disseminated by the Federal government. • Objectively based on substantial research that connects the indicator to the well-being of older Americans. • Balanced so that no single section dominates the report. • Measured periodically (but not necessarily annually) so that they can be updated, making possible the description of trends over time. • Representative of large segments of the aging population, rather than one particular group. Considerations When Examining the Indicators The data in Older Americans 2020 usually describe the U.S. population age 65 and over. More specific age groups (e.g., ages 65–74, 75–84, and 85 and over) are reported whenever possible. Data availability and analytical relevance may factor into the determination of the age groups presented in an indicator. For example, data for the age range 85 and over may not appear in an indicator because small survey sample sizes resulted in statistically reliable data for that age range not being available. On the other hand, data for the population younger than age 65 are sometimes included in an indicator if the inclusion allows for a more comprehensive interpretation of the indicator’s content. For example, to show trends in the amount of savings reserved for retirement by the entire population, data on public and private retirement assets are included for the total population in Indicator 10: Net Worth. In Indicator 11: Participation in Labor Force, a comparison with a younger population provided an opportunity for an enhanced interpretation of labor force trends among people age 65 and over. v To standardize the age distribution of the population age 65 and over across years, some estimates have been age adjusted by multiplying age-specific rates by time-constant weights. If an indicator has been age adjusted, this will be stated in the note under the chart(s) as well as under the corresponding table(s). The reference population (the base population sampled at the time of data collection) for each indicator is labeled under each chart and table and is defined in the Glossary. Whenever possible, the indicators include data on the U.S. resident population (both people living in the community and people living in institutions). However, many indicators show data only for the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Because the older population residing in nursing homes (and other longterm care institutional settings) is not included in samples based on the noninstitutionalized population, use caution when attempting to generalize the findings from these data sources to the entire population age 65 and over. This is especially true for the older age groups. In 2018, 10 percent of the population age 85 and over was not included in the civilian noninstitutionalized population as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau. For example, the reference population for Indicator 19: Dementia in this year’s report has not changed from Older Americans 2016—both show the community (noninstitutionalized) population only. The prevalence of dementia in the institutionalized (nursing home) population is higher than in the community population and is not reflected in the indicator chart. Civilian noninstitutionalized population as a percentage of the total resident population, by age: July 1, 2018 Percent 100 98 99 97 90 80 Most estimates in this report are based on a sample of the population and are therefore subject to sampling error. Standard tests of statistical significance have been used to determine whether differences between populations exist at generally accepted levels of confidence or whether they occurred by chance. Unless otherwise noted, only differences that are statistically significant at the p ≤ 0.05 level are discussed in the text. To indicate the reliability of the estimates, standard errors for selected estimates in the report can be found on the Forum’s website at https://agingstats.gov. Where possible, data estimates have been obtained from the true unrounded value of the original data. Data are rounded to one decimal place in the data tables and appear as whole numbers in the report text unless a finer breakdown is needed to show a significant difference between two estimates that would otherwise round to the same number. Although charts display rounded numbers, the charts are created using unrounded estimates. Finally, the data in some indicators may not sum to totals because of rounding. Sources of Data The data used to create the charts are provided in the tables in the back of the report, along with data described in the bullets below each chart. The source of the data for each indicator is noted below the chart. Descriptions of the data sources can be found in the back matter. Additional information about these data sources and contact information for the agency providing the data are available on the Forum’s website at https:// agingstats.gov. Data Needs 60 40 20 0 65 and over 65–74 75–84 85 and over SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates, July 1, 2018. Survey Years The reader should be aware that the range of years presented in each chart varies because data availability is not uniform across the data sources. vi Accuracy of the Estimates This year, the Forum assessed data needs related to sources of income for older Americans. It was determined that a better data source is needed to accurately measure the retirement income components of the income sources for older Americans. To address these concerns, the Sources of Income indicator (Indicator 9 in Older Americans 2016) is not included in this report because of changes in data collection and reporting; however, the indicator will return in future Older Americans reports. Mission The Forum’s mission is to encourage cooperation and collaboration among Federal agencies to improve the quality and utility of data on the aging population. The specific goals of the Forum are as follows: AGing, Independence, and Disability (AGID) Program Data Portal https://agid.acl.gov/Default.aspx ACL Program Evaluations and Related Reports https://acl.gov/programs/program-evaluations-and-reports • Widen access to information on the aging population Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality • Promote communication among data producers, Research Tools and Data https://www.ahrq.gov/research/index.html through periodic publications and other means. researchers, and public policymakers. • Coordinate the development and use of statistical databases among Federal agencies. • Identify information gaps and data inconsistencies. • Investigate questions of data quality. • Encourage cross-national research and data collection on the aging population. • Address concerns regarding collection, access, and dissemination of data. For Further Information The Forum’s website (https://www.agingstats.gov) contains data tables (with standard errors, when available); links to previous reports; the Forum’s Charter, Operations and Practices, and Parameters for Publications, Products, and Activities; agency contacts; and additional information about the Forum. Follow the Forum on Twitter @agingstats for selected highlights from Older Americans 2020. For more information about Older Americans 2020 or other Forum activities, contact the Forum as follows: Traci Cook Staff Director Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics 3311 Toledo Road Hyattsville, MD 20782 Phone: 301-458-4082 Fax: 301-458-4192 Email: agingforum@cdc.gov Website: https://agingstats.gov Additional Online Resources Administration for Community Living Profile of Older Americans https://acl.gov/aging-and-disability-in-america/data-andresearch/profile-older-americans Bureau of Labor Statistics Bureau of Labor Statistics Data https://www.bls.gov/data U.S. Census Bureau Age Data https://www.census.gov/topics/population/age-and-sex. html Statistical Abstract of the United States https://www.census.gov/library/publications/time-series/ statistical_abstracts.html Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics https://lehd.ces.census.gov Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services CMS Research, Statistics, Data, and Systems https://www.cms.gov/research-statistics-data-and-systems/ research-statistics-data-and-systems.html Department of Housing and Urban Development Policy Development and Research Reports and Information Services https://www.huduser.gov Department of Veterans Affairs Veteran Data and Information https://www.va.gov/vetdata Employee Benefits Security Administration EBSA’s Research https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ebsa/researchers National Center for Health Statistics Health, United States https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm Washington Group on Disability Statistics http://www.washingtongroup-disability.com/ vii National Institute on Aging Social Security Administration NIA Centers on the Demography of Aging https://agingcenters.org/ Social Security Administration Statistical Information https://www.ssa.gov/policy National Archive of Computerized Data on Aging https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/NACDA Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Publicly Available Datasets for Aging-Related Secondary Analysis in the Behavioral and Social Sciences https://www.nia.nih.gov/research/dbsr/publicly-availabledatabases-aging-related-secondary-analyses-behavioraland-social Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality https://www.samhsa.gov/data Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, HHS Office of Behavioral Health, Disability, and Aging Policy https://aspe.hhs.gov/bhdap Office of Management and Budget Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology https://nces.ed.gov/fcsm/ viii Center for Mental Health Services https://www.samhsa.gov/about-us/who-we-are/officescenters/cmhs Other Resources Data and Statistics About the United States https://www.usa.gov/statistics Data.gov https://www.data.gov Table of Contents Foreword................................................................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgments...................................................................................................................................................iv About This Report...................................................................................................................................................v List of Tables...........................................................................................................................................................xi Highlights.............................................................................................................................................................xvi POPULATION Indicator 1: Number of Older Americans...................................................................................................... 2 Indicator 2: Racial and Ethnic Composition.................................................................................................. 4 Indicator 3: Marital Status............................................................................................................................. 5 Indicator 4: Educational Attainment.............................................................................................................. 6 Indicator 5: Living Arrangements.................................................................................................................. 8 Indicator 6: Older Veterans............................................................................................................................ 9 ECONOMICS Indicator 7: Poverty..................................................................................................................................... 12 Indicator 8: Income..................................................................................................................................... 13 Indicator 9: Social Security Beneficiaries...................................................................................................... 14 Indicator 10: Net Worth.............................................................................................................................. 16 Indicator 11: Participation in Labor Force................................................................................................... 18 Indicator 12: Housing Problems.................................................................................................................. 20 Indicator 13: Total Expenditures.................................................................................................................. 22 HEALTH STATUS Indicator 14: Life Expectancy...................................................................................................................... 24 Indicator 15: Mortality................................................................................................................................ 25 Indicator 16: Chronic Health Conditions.................................................................................................... 26 Indicator 17: Oral Health............................................................................................................................ 27 Indicator 18: Respondent-Assessed Health Status........................................................................................ 28 Indicator 19: Dementia............................................................................................................................... 29 Indicator 20: Depressive Symptoms............................................................................................................. 30 Indicator 21: Functional Limitations........................................................................................................... 32 HEALTH RISKS AND BEHAVIORS Indicator 22: Vaccinations........................................................................................................................... 36 Indicator 23: Cancer Screenings................................................................................................................... 37 Indicator 24: Diet Quality........................................................................................................................... 38 Indicator 25: Physical Activity..................................................................................................................... 39 Indicator 26: Obesity................................................................................................................................... 40 Indicator 27: Cigarette Smoking.................................................................................................................. 41 ix HEALTH CARE Indicator 28: Use of Health Care Services.................................................................................................... 44 Indicator 29: Health Care Expenditures....................................................................................................... 46 Indicator 30: Prescription Drugs.................................................................................................................. 48 Indicator 31: Sources of Health Insurance................................................................................................... 50 Indicator 32: Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditures............................................................................... 51 Indicator 33: Sources of Payment for Health Care Services.......................................................................... 52 Indicator 34: Veterans’ Health Care............................................................................................................. 53 Indicator 35: Residential Services................................................................................................................. 54 Indicator 36: Personal Assistance and Equipment........................................................................................ 56 Indicator 37: Long-Term Care Providers...................................................................................................... 58 ENVIRONMENT Indicator 38: Use of Time............................................................................................................................ 62 Indicator 39: Air Quality............................................................................................................................. 64 Indicator 40: Transportation........................................................................................................................ 66 References............................................................................................................................................................. 67 Tables.................................................................................................................................................................... 71 Data Sources....................................................................................................................................................... 141 Glossary.............................................................................................................................................................. 153 x List of Tables Indicator 1: Number of Older Americans Table 1a. Number of people (in millions) age 65 and over and age 85 and over, selected years, 1900–2018, and projected years, 2020–2060............................................................................................................................ 72 Table 1b. Percentage of people age 65 and over and age 85 and over, selected years, 1900–2018, and projected years, 2020–2060................................................................................................................................... 73 Table 1c. Population of countries or areas with at least 10 percent of their population age 65 and over, 2019....... 74 Table 1d. Percentage of the population age 65 and over, by state, 2018................................................................. 76 Table 1e. Percentage of the population age 65 and over, by county, 2018.............................................................. 77 Table 1f. Number and percentage of people age 65 and over and age 85 and over, by sex, 2018............................ 77 Indicator 2: Racial and Ethnic Composition Table 2. Population age 65 and over, by race and Hispanic origin, 2018 and projected 2060................................ 78 Indicator 3: Marital Status Table 3. Marital status of the population age 65 and over, by age group and sex, 2018.......................................... 78 Indicator 4: Educational Attainment Table 4a. Educational attainment of the population age 65 and over, selected years 1965–2018............................ 79 Table 4b. Educational attainment of the population age 65 and over, by sex and race and Hispanic origin, 2018..................................................................................................................................................................... 79 Indicator 5: Living Arrangements Table 5a. Living arrangements of the population age 65 and over, by sex and race and Hispanic origin, 2018....... 80 Table 5b. Percentage of population age 65 and over living alone, by sex and age group, selected years, 1970–2019........................................................................................................................................................... 80 Indicator 6: Older Veterans Table 6a. Percentage of population age 65 and over who are veterans, by age group and sex, selected years 2000–2018, and projected 2020 and 2030 ........................................................................................................... 81 Table 6b. Number of veterans age 65 and over, by age group and sex, selected years 2000–2018, and projected, 2020 and 2030..................................................................................................................................... 81 Indicator 7: Poverty Table 7a. Poverty rate by age, by official poverty measure and Supplemental Poverty Measure, 1966–2018........... 82 Table 7b. Percentage of the population age 65 and over living in poverty, by selected characteristics, 2018............ 84 Indicator 8: Income Table 8a. Income distribution of the population age 65 and over, 1974–2018....................................................... 84 Table 8b. Median income of householders age 65 and over, in current and in 2018 dollars, 1974–2018............... 86 Indicator 9: Social Security Beneficiaries Table 9a. Percentage distribution of people who began receiving Social Security benefits in 2018, by age and sex....................................................................................................................................................... 88 Table 9b. Percentage distribution of female Social Security beneficiaries age 62 and over, by type o
