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1. Describe how formative and summative evaluations would be used in your program that you are planning.
2. Describe ways you would use process, impact and outcome evaluation in your program.
Supporting definitions for formative, summative, process, impact, and outcome eval- uation are presented below.
Formative evaluation: “Any combination of measurements obtained and judgments made before or during the implementation of materials, methods, activities or programs to control, assure or improve the quality of performance or delivery” (Green & Lewis, 1986, p. 362). Examples include, but are not limited to, pretesting, or pilot-testing a program. Data derived from formative evaluation help revise intervention components (content, methods, and materials) as well as instruments and data collection procedures (Windsor et al., 2004).
Summative evaluation: “Any combination of measurements and judgments that permit conclusions to be drawn about impact, outcome, or benefits of a program or
Process evaluation: “Is used to monitor and document program implementation and can aid in understanding the relationship between specific program elements and program outcomes” (Saunders, Evans, & Joshi, 2005, p. 134). The central purposes for process evaluation are to “identify the key components of an intervention that are effective, to identify for whom the intervention is effective, and to identify under what conditions the intervention is effective” (Steckler & Linnan, 2002, p. 1). It also evaluates the “extent to which a program is being implemented as planned” (Harris, 2010, p.207).
Impact evaluation: Focuses on “the immediate observable effects of a program, lead- ing to the intended outcomes of a program; intermediate outcomes” (Green & Lewis, 1986, p. 363). Measures of awareness, knowledge, attitudes, skills, and behaviors yield impact evaluation data. Most notably, impact evaluation is associated with behavioral impact or change (Windsor et al., 2004).
Outcome evaluation: Focuses on “an ultimate goal or product of a program or treatment, generally measured in the health field by mortality or morbidity data in a population, vital measures, symptoms, signs, or physiological indicators on individu- als” (Green & Lewis, 1986, p. 364). Outcome evaluation is long-term in nature and generally takes more time and resources to conduct than impact evaluation. Ulti- mately, it makes a determination of the effect of a program or policy on its benefi- ciaries (Harris, 2010).
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A Rationale for The Development of A Program Aimed at Fighting Obesity Among The
Old People in The State of Georgia in The US.
Obesity is the health problem being addressed by the program. However, the program focuses
on a population aged between 60 to 78 years and who are living in the United States. Many of
the people living with obese conditions are old though the problem might have begun when
they were young. Hence the conditions are affecting them at their old ages. Many of the
people suffering from these conditions are literate individuals who live in urban areas.
Therefore, the program will focus much on the status of obesity in aging people and how they
can control the condition. The program will also look into details that concerns obesity like
the one the data and areas most affected (Gittelsohn, 2017).
World Health Organization shows that cases of obese conditions among people are rising and
hence, many people are affected either positively or negatively. For instance, studies indicate
that by 2016, an approximate of 1.9 billion people above the age of 18 years were found to be
overweight, where 650 million of the total were obese. More than 13% of the total people
with obesity are at their old age. 11% of them are men, while 15% are women showing an
increasing number since 1975. Obesity is caused by lack of exercise that is facilitated by the
forms of works and changing means of transport nowadays. Diet is another cause where
environmental conditions play a significant role in the changes. From the 2017 data given, the
population of the obese people in Georgia State is 11.4% of the adult people (Loh, 2018).
Furthermore, AFRI Childhood Obesity Prevention Challenge Area is a program that is aimed
at preventing obesity in young people through advocating for the diet taken. Therefore, the
author identifies that the program is made to reach the community hence creating awareness
on the purchase and sale of food that is safe for human consumption. Therefore, this ensures
diet does not cause obesity among the people. The population used is the young population
where they are reached through the creation of awareness in public areas. The program has
successfully passed the message to the audience where many people are keen on their diet
issues. The strength of the program is that it reaches the young population and hence
preparing them for safe adult age. However, the weakness is that it does not provide a
solution for people already with obesity (Orces,2017).
The health program is indented to solve the problem by preventing the disease rather than
curing it. Moreover, there is increase in patient’s number with obesity in the US who are 65
years and above. The solution will be achieved by creating awareness to the public on the
ways they can use to fight obesity from their life before it attacks them. Therefore, some of
the solutions offered by the program include the diet people are preferring and how it can be
adjusted to ensure that they do not get obesity. Exercise and behavior modifications are other
areas where the people should regulate in their fight against obesity as indicated by the
program (Volpe,2016).
The continued rise of cases of obesity in the world has made many people to look for better
ways to live and stay away from health problem. Moreover, the statistics of people with
obesity are high from the global view. Therefore, the program is anticipating to create
awareness to people living with or without obesity on how they can be safe from the problem.
Many conditions that are associated with obesity make people to be scared of it and hence
making them look for solutions. The program will be successful because many people will
want to be safe from obesity, and thus they will look for assistance and knowledge from it
(Weinstock, 2016).
Obesity is the health problem being addressed by the program. However, the program focuses
on a population aged between 60 to 78 years and who are living in the United States. Many of
the people living with obese conditions are old though the problem might have begun when
they were young. Hence the conditions are affecting them at their old ages. The study
explains that many of the people suffering from these conditions are literate individuals who
live in urban areas. Therefore, the program will focus much on the status of obesity in aging
people and how they can control the condition. The program will also look into details that
concerns obesity like the data and areas most affected (Orces,2017).
World Health Organization shows that cases of obese conditions among people are rising
and hence, many people are affected either positively or negatively. For instance, studies
indicate that by 2016, an approximate of 1.9 billion people above the age of 18 years were
found to be overweight, where 650 million of the total were obese. The research further
shows that 13% of the total people with obesity are at their old age. 11% of them are men,
while 15% are women showing an increasing number since 1975. Obesity is caused by lack
of exercise that is facilitated by the forms of works and changing means of transport
nowadays. Diet is another cause where environmental conditions play a significant role in the
changes. From the 2017 data given, the population of the obese people in Georgia state is
11.4% of the adult people (Weinstock, 2016).
The researchers indicate that this AFRI Childhood Obesity Prevention Challenge Area is a
program that is aimed at preventing obesity in young people through advocating for the diet
taken. Therefore, the author identifies that the program is made to reach the community hence
creating awareness on the purchase and sale of food that is safe for human consumption.
Therefore, this ensures diet does not cause obesity among the people. The population used is
the young population where they are reached through the creation of awareness in public
areas. The program has successfully passed the message to the audience where many people
are keen on their diet issues. The strength of the program is that it reaches the young
population and hence preparing them for safe adult age. However, the weakness is that it does
not provide a solution for people already with obesity (Gittelsohn, 2017).
The health program is indented to solve the problem by preventing the disease rather than
curing it. Information from the research indicates an increase in patient’s number with obesity
in the US who are 65 years and above. The solution will be achieved by creating awareness to
the public on the ways they can use to fight obesity from their life before it attacks them.
Therefore, some of the solutions offered by the program include the diet people are preferring
and how it can be adjusted to ensure that they do not get obesity. Exercise and behavior
modifications are other areas where the people should regulate in their fight against obesity as
indicated by the program (Volpe,2016).
Research shows that due to the continued rise of cases of obesity in the world, many people
are looking for better ways to live and stay o health problem. Moreover, the author shows that
the statistics of people with obesity are high from the global view. Therefore, the program is
anticipating to create awareness to people living with or without obesity on how they can be
safe from the problem. Many conditions that are associated with obesity make people to be
scared of it and hence making them look for solutions. The program will be successful
because many people will want to be safe from obesity, and thus they will look for assistance
and knowledge from it (Loh, 2018).
References
Gittelsohn, J., Trude, A., Poirier, L., Ross, A., Ruggiero, C., Schwendler, T., &
Anderson Steeves, E. (2017). The impact of a multi-level multi-component
childhood obesity prevention intervention on healthy food availability, sales, and
purchasing in a low-income urban area. International journal of environmental
research and public health, 14(11), 1371.
Loh, I. H., Schwendler, T., Trude, A. C., Anderson Steeves, E. T., Cheskin, L. J.,
Lange, S., & Gittelsohn, J. (2018). Implementation of text-messaging and social
media strategies in a multilevel childhood obesity prevention.
Orces, C. H., & Gavilanez, E. L. (2017). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among
older adults in Ecuador: results of the SABE survey. Diabetes & Metabolic
Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 11, S555-S560.
Volpe, S. L., Sukumar, D., & Milliron, B. J. (2016). Obesity prevention in older adults.
Current obesity reports, 5(2), 166-175.
Weinstock, R. S., Schütz-Fuhrmann, I., Connor, C. G., Hermann, J. M., Maahs, D. M.,
Schütt, M., … & T1D Exchange Clinic Network. (2016). Type 1 diabetes in older
adults: comparing treatments and chronic complications in the United States T1D
Exchange and the German/Austrian DPV registries. Diabetes research and clinical
practice, 122, 28-37.
Program: Fighting Obesity Among The Old People in The State of Georgia in The US.
Inputs
(What we invest)
AFRI Childhood
Obesity Prevention
Challenge Area
Computers
Doctors
Funding resource
Outputs
(What we do and who we do it to )
Activities
Participation
advocating for the for Young people
choosing a healthy
diet
creating awareness
on the purchase and
sale of food that is
safe for human
consumption
Community
(The
Outcomes – Impact
incremental events/changes that occur as a result of the outputs)
Short
Medium
ensuring diet does not prevent the disease
cause obesity among rather than curing it
the people
preparing them for
Exercise and behavior
safe adult age
modifications
create of awareness in
public areas
creating an awareness Public
to fight obesity
Assumptions
The assumption is the participants will follow the program.
Long
External Factors
Identify a community to present the program.
Finding a funding resource to pay for the program.
Find people to participate.
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